mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Pix2Code: Learning to Compose Neural Visual Concepts as Programs

arXiv 2402.08280 ↗First posted 13 Feb 2024cs.AI cs.CV cs.LGcited by 18

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Abstract (arXiv)

The challenge in learning abstract concepts from images in an unsupervised fashion lies in the required integration of visual perception and generalizable relational reasoning. Moreover, the unsupervised nature of this task makes it necessary for human users to be able to understand a model's learnt concepts and potentially revise false behaviours. To tackle both the generalizability and interpretability constraints of visual concept learning, we propose Pix2Code, a framework that extends program synthesis to visual relational reasoning by utilizing the abilities of both explicit, compositional symbolic and implicit neural representations. This is achieved by retrieving object representations from images and synthesizing relational concepts as lambda-calculus programs. We evaluate the diverse properties of Pix2Code on the challenging reasoning domains, Kandinsky Patterns and CURI, thereby testing its ability to identify compositional visual concepts that generalize to novel data and concept configurations. Particularly, in stark contrast to neural approaches, we show that Pix2Code's representations remain human interpretable and can be easily revised for improved performance.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 57 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Feb 2024.

Builds on

33 of 57 references.

References · 33

  1. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  2. 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,040
  3. 2020Shortcut Learning in Deep Neural Networkscited by 1,928
  4. 2016CLEVR: A Diagnostic Dataset for Compositional Language and Elementary Visual Reasoningcited by 1,445
  5. 2019The Neuro-Symbolic Concept Learner: Interpreting Scenes, Words, and Sentences From Natural Supervisioncited by 369
  6. 2017A simple neural network module for relational reasoningcited by 345
  7. 2021Pix2seq: A Language Modeling Framework for Object Detectioncited by 345
  8. 2020DreamCoder: Growing generalizable, interpretable knowledge with wake-sleep Bayesian program learningcited by 159
  9. 2016DeepCoder: Learning to Write Programscited by 145
  10. 2020Making deep neural networks right for the right scientific reasons by interacting with their explanationscited by 141
  11. 2020Right for the Right Concept: Revising Neuro-Symbolic Concepts by Interacting with their Explanationscited by 94
  12. 2019Write, Execute, Assess: Program Synthesis with a REPLcited by 92
21 more
  1. 2016Neuro-Symbolic Program Synthesiscited by 84
  2. 2020Learning Compositional Rules via Neural Program Synthesiscited by 74
  3. 2021CCVS: Context-aware Controllable Video Synthesiscited by 68
  4. 2021Learning to Synthesize Programs as Interpretable and Generalizable Policiescited by 59
  5. 2023LILO: Learning Interpretable Libraries by Compressing and Documenting Codecited by 46
  6. 2023Interpretable and Explainable Logical Policies via Neurally Guided Symbolic Abstractioncited by 45
  7. 2015Program Synthesis using Natural Languagecited by 41
  8. 2018HOUDINI: Lifelong Learning as Program Synthesiscited by 38
  9. 2024ReGAL: Refactoring Programs to Discover Generalizable Abstractionscited by 32
  10. 2020BUSTLE: Bottom-Up Program Synthesis Through Learning-Guided Explorationcited by 30
  11. 2023OCAtari: Object-Centric Atari 2600 Reinforcement Learning Environmentscited by 30
  12. 2022On Neural Architecture Inductive Biases for Relational Taskscited by 26
  13. 2021Interactive Disentanglement: Learning Concepts by Interacting with their Prototype Representationscited by 24
  14. 2019Enriching Visual with Verbal Explanations for Relational Concepts -- Combining LIME with Alephcited by 23
  15. 2020CURI: A Benchmark for Productive Concept Learning Under Uncertaintycited by 21
  16. 2023Systematic Visual Reasoning through Object-Centric Relational Abstractioncited by 19
  17. 2022Boosting Object Representation Learning via Motion and Object Continuitycited by 17
  18. 2022From Perception to Programs: Regularize, Overparameterize, and Amortizecited by 13
  19. 2022GAMR: A Guided Attention Model for (visual) Reasoningcited by 12
  20. 2023Learning Differentiable Logic Programs for Abstract Visual Reasoningcited by 12
  21. 2020Evaluating the Progress of Deep Learning for Visual Relational Conceptscited by 9

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 7; 2025: 7; 2026: 4.

18 papers.

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  1. 2025ArtifactsBench: Bridging the Visual-Interactive Gap in LLM Code Generation Evaluationcited by 35
  2. 2024Interpretable and Editable Programmatic Tree Policies for Reinforcement Learningcited by 18
  3. 2024Bongard in Wonderland: Visual Puzzles that Still Make AI Go Mad?cited by 16
  4. 2024Neural Concept Bindercited by 14
  5. 2024BlendRL: A Framework for Merging Symbolic and Neural Policy Learningcited by 14
  6. 2024Synthesizing Programmatic Reinforcement Learning Policies with Large Language Model Guided Searchcited by 13
  7. 2025Shortcuts and Identifiability in Concept-based Models from a Neuro-Symbolic Lenscited by 13
  8. 2025ReLook: Vision-Grounded RL with a Multimodal LLM Critic for Agentic Web Codingcited by 12
  9. 2025Object Centric Concept Bottleneckscited by 10
  10. 2025Synthesizing Visual Concepts as Vision-Language Programscited by 6
  11. 2024Interpretable end-to-end Neurosymbolic Reinforcement Learning agentscited by 4
  12. 2025Fodor and Pylyshyn's Legacy: Still No Human-like Systematic Compositionality in Neural Networkscited by 3
6 more
  1. 2026Playing ZendoWorld: Challenging AI Agents on Active Visual Concept Inductioncited by 1
  2. 2024OCALM: Object-Centric Assessment with Language Modelscited by 0
  3. 2025Talking Back -- human input and explanations to interactive AI systemscited by 0
  4. 2026Visual Model Checking: Graph-Based Inference of Visual Routines for Image Retrievalcited by 0
  5. 2026GRAIL: Autonomous Concept Grounding for Neuro-Symbolic Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  6. 2026Concise and Logically Consistent Conformal Sets for Neuro-Symbolic Concept-Based Modelscited by 0