Program Synthesis using Natural Language
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Abstract (arXiv)
Interacting with computers is a ubiquitous activity for millions of people. Repetitive or specialized tasks often require creation of small, often one-off, programs. End-users struggle with learning and using the myriad of domain-specific languages (DSLs) to effectively accomplish these tasks. We present a general framework for constructing program synthesizers that take natural language (NL) inputs and produce expressions in a target DSL. The framework takes as input a DSL definition and training data consisting of NL/DSL pairs. From these it constructs a synthesizer by learning optimal weights and classifiers (using NLP features) that rank the outputs of a keyword-programming based translation. We applied our framework to three domains: repetitive text editing, an intelligent tutoring system, and flight information queries. On 1200+ English descriptions, the respective synthesizers rank the desired program as the top-1 and top-3 for 80% and 90% descriptions respectively.
Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Sep 2015.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 9; 2023: 8; 2024: 10; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.
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- 2021Measuring Coding Challenge Competence With APPScited by 879
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- 2025From Idea to Implementation: Evaluating the Influence of Large Language Models in Software Development -- An Opinion Paper10 Mar 2025
- 2025CodeSCM: Causal Analysis for Multi-Modal Code Generation7 Feb 2025
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- 2024ProgramAlly: Creating Custom Visual Access Programs via Multi-Modal End-User Programming20 Aug 2024
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29 more
- 2024Linguacodus: A Synergistic Framework for Transformative Code Generation in Machine Learning Pipelines18 Mar 2024
- 2024Pix2Code: Learning to Compose Neural Visual Concepts as Programs13 Feb 2024
- 2024VerMCTS: Synthesizing Multi-Step Programs using a Verifier, a Large Language Model, and Tree Search13 Feb 2024
- 2024L^*LM: Learning Automata from Examples using Natural Language Oracles10 Feb 2024
- 2023InstructExcel: A Benchmark for Natural Language Instruction in Excel23 Oct 2023
- 2023Self-Taught Optimizer (STOP): Recursively Self-Improving Code Generation3 Oct 2023
- 2023Large Language Models for Test-Free Fault Localization3 Oct 2023
- 2023Hypothesis Search: Inductive Reasoning with Language Models11 Sep 2023
- 2023Where Does My Model Underperform? A Human Evaluation of Slice Discovery Algorithms13 Jun 2023
- 2023Natural Language Commanding via Program Synthesis6 Jun 2023
- 2023AI for Low-Code for AI31 May 2023
- 2023Transforming Human-Centered AI Collaboration: Redefining Embodied Agents Capabilities through Interactive Grounded Language Instructions18 May 2023
- 2022Parsel: Algorithmic Reasoning with Language Models by Composing Decompositions20 Dec 2022
- 2022Deterministic Graph-Walking Program Mining22 Aug 2022
- 2022Interactive Grounded Language Understanding in a Collaborative Environment: IGLU 20215 May 2022
- 2022Programming Language Agnostic Mining of Code and Language Pairs with Sequence Labeling Based Question Answering21 Mar 2022
- 2022A Systematic Evaluation of Large Language Models of Code26 Feb 2022
- 2022SemSup: Semantic Supervision for Simple and Scalable Zero-shot Generalization26 Feb 2022
- 2022Iterative Genetic Improvement: Scaling Stochastic Program Synthesis26 Feb 2022
- 2022GPT-based Open-Ended Knowledge Tracing21 Feb 2022
- 2022GAP-Gen: Guided Automatic Python Code Generation19 Jan 2022
- 2021Hey AI, Can You Solve Complex Tasks by Talking to Agents?16 Oct 2021
- 2021NeurIPS 2021 Competition IGLU: Interactive Grounded Language Understanding in a Collaborative Environment13 Oct 2021
- 2021Natural Language-Guided Programming11 Aug 2021
- 2021Revelio: ML-Generated Debugging Queries for Distributed Systems28 Jun 2021
- 2021Leveraging Language to Learn Program Abstractions and Search Heuristics18 Jun 2021
- 2021Communicating Natural Programs to Humans and Machines15 Jun 2021
- 2021Measuring Coding Challenge Competence With APPS20 May 2021
- 2021Investigating Math Word Problems using Pretrained Multilingual Language Models19 May 2021
- 2021Measuring Coding Challenge Competence With APPScited by 879
- 2022A Systematic Evaluation of Large Language Models of Codecited by 360
- 2023Large Language Models for Test-Free Fault Localizationcited by 67
- 2021Leveraging Language to Learn Program Abstractions and Search Heuristicscited by 44
- 2021Communicating Natural Programs to Humans and Machinescited by 35
- 2022Interactive Grounded Language Understanding in a Collaborative Environment: IGLU 2021cited by 23
- 2021Investigating Math Word Problems using Pretrained Multilingual Language Modelscited by 21
- 2024Pix2Code: Learning to Compose Neural Visual Concepts as Programscited by 18
- 2021NeurIPS 2021 Competition IGLU: Interactive Grounded Language Understanding in a Collaborative Environmentcited by 15
- 2026Training Language Models via Neural Cellular Automatacited by 15
- 2023InstructExcel: A Benchmark for Natural Language Instruction in Excelcited by 14
- 2021Hey AI, Can You Solve Complex Tasks by Talking to Agents?cited by 13
12 most cited of 36 All 36 (JSON)
- 2026You Don't Need Public Tests to Generate Correct Code23 Apr 2026
- 2026Training Language Models via Neural Cellular Automata9 Mar 2026
- 2026Still Manual? Automated Linter Configuration via DSL-Based LLM Compilation of Coding Standards8 Feb 2026
- 2025Shedding Light in Task Decomposition in Program Synthesis: The Driving Force of the Synthesizer Model11 Mar 2025
- 2025From Idea to Implementation: Evaluating the Influence of Large Language Models in Software Development -- An Opinion Paper10 Mar 2025
- 2025CodeSCM: Causal Analysis for Multi-Modal Code Generation7 Feb 2025
- 2024A Research Agenda for Usability and Generalisation in Reinforcement Learning22 Dec 2024
- 2024Test Case-Informed Knowledge Tracing for Open-ended Coding Tasks28 Sep 2024
- 2024ProgramAlly: Creating Custom Visual Access Programs via Multi-Modal End-User Programming20 Aug 2024
- 2024IDAT: A Multi-Modal Dataset and Toolkit for Building and Evaluating Interactive Task-Solving Agents12 Jul 2024
- 2024Synthesizing Programmatic Reinforcement Learning Policies with Large Language Model Guided Search26 May 2024
- 2024Linguacodus: A Synergistic Framework for Transformative Code Generation in Machine Learning Pipelines18 Mar 2024
12 newest of 36 All 36 (JSON)