mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Program Synthesis using Natural Language

arXiv 1509.00413 ↗First posted 1 Sep 2015cs.PLcited by 41

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Abstract (arXiv)

Interacting with computers is a ubiquitous activity for millions of people. Repetitive or specialized tasks often require creation of small, often one-off, programs. End-users struggle with learning and using the myriad of domain-specific languages (DSLs) to effectively accomplish these tasks. We present a general framework for constructing program synthesizers that take natural language (NL) inputs and produce expressions in a target DSL. The framework takes as input a DSL definition and training data consisting of NL/DSL pairs. From these it constructs a synthesizer by learning optimal weights and classifiers (using NLP features) that rank the outputs of a keyword-programming based translation. We applied our framework to three domains: repetitive text editing, an intelligent tutoring system, and flight information queries. On 1200+ English descriptions, the respective synthesizers rank the desired program as the top-1 and top-3 for 80% and 90% descriptions respectively.

Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Sep 2015.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 9; 2023: 8; 2024: 10; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.

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  1. 2021Measuring Coding Challenge Competence With APPScited by 879
  2. 2022A Systematic Evaluation of Large Language Models of Codecited by 360
  3. 2023Self-Taught Optimizer (STOP): Recursively Self-Improving Code Generationcited by 128
  4. 2023Hypothesis Search: Inductive Reasoning with Language Modelscited by 119
  5. 2023Large Language Models for Test-Free Fault Localizationcited by 67
  6. 2022Parsel: Algorithmic Reasoning with Language Models by Composing Decompositionscited by 62
  7. 2021Leveraging Language to Learn Program Abstractions and Search Heuristicscited by 44
  8. 2021Communicating Natural Programs to Humans and Machinescited by 35
  9. 2022Interactive Grounded Language Understanding in a Collaborative Environment: IGLU 2021cited by 23
  10. 2021Investigating Math Word Problems using Pretrained Multilingual Language Modelscited by 21
  11. 2024Pix2Code: Learning to Compose Neural Visual Concepts as Programscited by 18
  12. 2021NeurIPS 2021 Competition IGLU: Interactive Grounded Language Understanding in a Collaborative Environmentcited by 15
29 more
  1. 2026Training Language Models via Neural Cellular Automatacited by 15
  2. 2023InstructExcel: A Benchmark for Natural Language Instruction in Excelcited by 14
  3. 2021Hey AI, Can You Solve Complex Tasks by Talking to Agents?cited by 13
  4. 2023Transforming Human-Centered AI Collaboration: Redefining Embodied Agents Capabilities through Interactive Grounded Language Instructionscited by 13
  5. 2024VerMCTS: Synthesizing Multi-Step Programs using a Verifier, a Large Language Model, and Tree Searchcited by 13
  6. 2024Synthesizing Programmatic Reinforcement Learning Policies with Large Language Model Guided Searchcited by 13
  7. 2023Where Does My Model Underperform? A Human Evaluation of Slice Discovery Algorithmscited by 9
  8. 2024AIOS Compiler: LLM as Interpreter for Natural Language Programming and Flow Programming of AI Agentscited by 8
  9. 2024Test Case-Informed Knowledge Tracing for Open-ended Coding Taskscited by 7
  10. 2023Natural Language Commanding via Program Synthesiscited by 6
  11. 2024ProgramAlly: Creating Custom Visual Access Programs via Multi-Modal End-User Programmingcited by 6
  12. 2021Natural Language-Guided Programmingcited by 4
  13. 2022GPT-based Open-Ended Knowledge Tracingcited by 3
  14. 2023AI for Low-Code for AIcited by 3
  15. 2025From Idea to Implementation: Evaluating the Influence of Large Language Models in Software Development -- An Opinion Papercited by 3
  16. 2022GAP-Gen: Guided Automatic Python Code Generationcited by 2
  17. 2022SemSup: Semantic Supervision for Simple and Scalable Zero-shot Generalizationcited by 2
  18. 2024L^*LM: Learning Automata from Examples using Natural Language Oraclescited by 2
  19. 2025CodeSCM: Causal Analysis for Multi-Modal Code Generationcited by 2
  20. 2025Shedding Light in Task Decomposition in Program Synthesis: The Driving Force of the Synthesizer Modelcited by 2
  21. 2024IDAT: A Multi-Modal Dataset and Toolkit for Building and Evaluating Interactive Task-Solving Agentscited by 1
  22. 2021Revelio: ML-Generated Debugging Queries for Distributed Systemscited by 0
  23. 2022Iterative Genetic Improvement: Scaling Stochastic Program Synthesiscited by 0
  24. 2022Programming Language Agnostic Mining of Code and Language Pairs with Sequence Labeling Based Question Answeringcited by 0
  25. 2022Deterministic Graph-Walking Program Miningcited by 0
  26. 2024Linguacodus: A Synergistic Framework for Transformative Code Generation in Machine Learning Pipelinescited by 0
  27. 2024A Research Agenda for Usability and Generalisation in Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  28. 2026Still Manual? Automated Linter Configuration via DSL-Based LLM Compilation of Coding Standardscited by 0
  29. 2026You Don't Need Public Tests to Generate Correct Codecited by 0