Nearest Neighbour Score Estimators for Diffusion Generative Models
On the map: Diffusion models → Diffusion foundations and sampling
Abstract (arXiv)
Score function estimation is the cornerstone of both training and sampling from diffusion generative models. Despite this fact, the most commonly used estimators are either biased neural network approximations or high variance Monte Carlo estimators based on the conditional score. We introduce a novel nearest neighbour score function estimator which utilizes multiple samples from the training set to dramatically decrease estimator variance. We leverage our low variance estimator in two compelling applications. Training consistency models with our estimator, we report a significant increase in both convergence speed and sample quality. In diffusion models, we show that our estimator can replace a learned network for probability-flow ODE integration, opening promising new avenues of future research.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Diffusion foundations and sampling, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 28 of its 44 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Feb 2024.
Builds on
28 of 44 references.
Closest ancestors · 10
Same direction, newest first
- 2023Adversarial Diffusion Distillation28 Nov
- 2023Improved Techniques for Training Consistency Models22 Oct
- 2023Consistency Trajectory Models: Learning Probability Flow ODE Trajectory of Diffusion1 Oct
- 2023On the Generalization of Diffusion Model24 May
- 2023Consistency Models2 Mar
- 2023Stable Target Field for Reduced Variance Score Estimation in Diffusion Models1 Feb
- 2022Elucidating the Design Space of Diffusion-Based Generative Models1 Jun
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models20 Dec
- 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equations26 Nov
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models19 Jun
Other references · 18
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- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
- 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,005
- 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 3,980
- 2014Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wildcited by 3,679
- 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusioncited by 3,006
- 2016Improved Techniques for Training GANscited by 2,938
- 2017Billion-scale similarity search with GPUscited by 2,477
- 2020REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Trainingcited by 2,126
- 2021Improving language models by retrieving from trillions of tokenscited by 1,278
- 2019Generalization through Memorization: Nearest Neighbor Language Modelscited by 788
- 2015Importance Weighted Autoencoderscited by 454
6 more
- 2022Flexible Diffusion Modeling of Long Videoscited by 294
- 2020Nearest Neighbor Machine Translationcited by 209
- 2022KNN-Diffusion: Image Generation via Large-Scale Retrievalcited by 135
- 2014Reweighted Wake-Sleepcited by 66
- 2020RetrieveGAN: Image Synthesis via Differentiable Patch Retrievalcited by 35
- 2021RetrievalFuse: Neural 3D Scene Reconstruction with a Databasecited by 28
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 5; 2026: 4.
10 papers.
- 2024Towards a Mechanistic Explanation of Diffusion Model Generalizationcited by 42
- 2025Locality in Image Diffusion Models Emerges from Data Statisticscited by 25
- 2025Selective Underfitting in Diffusion Modelscited by 17
- 2025Generalization of Diffusion Models Arises with a Balanced Representation Spacecited by 10
- 2026Stable Velocity: A Variance Perspective on Flow Matchingcited by 10
- 2025Diagnosing and Improving Diffusion Models by Estimating the Optimal Loss Valuecited by 5
- 2025Matching the Optimal Denoiser in Point Cloud Diffusion with (Improved) Rotational Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026Fast and Scalable Analytical Diffusioncited by 0
- 2026Follow the Mean: Reference-Guided Flow Matchingcited by 0
- 2026Filtered Posterior Mean Collections: A Unified Framework for Analytical Models of Diffusion Generalizationcited by 0
- 2026Filtered Posterior Mean Collections: A Unified Framework for Analytical Models of Diffusion Generalization22 May 2026
- 2026Follow the Mean: Reference-Guided Flow Matching11 May 2026
- 2026Fast and Scalable Analytical Diffusion18 Feb 2026
- 2026Stable Velocity: A Variance Perspective on Flow Matching5 Feb 2026
- 2025Generalization of Diffusion Models Arises with a Balanced Representation Space24 Dec 2025
- 2025Matching the Optimal Denoiser in Point Cloud Diffusion with (Improved) Rotational Alignment2 Oct 2025
- 2025Selective Underfitting in Diffusion Models1 Oct 2025
- 2025Locality in Image Diffusion Models Emerges from Data Statistics11 Sep 2025
- 2025Diagnosing and Improving Diffusion Models by Estimating the Optimal Loss Value16 Jun 2025
- 2024Towards a Mechanistic Explanation of Diffusion Model Generalization28 Nov 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2023Closed-Form Diffusion Models
- 2022Sampling is as easy as learning the score: theory for diffusion models with minimal data assumptions
- 2023Diffusion-Model-Assisted Supervised Learning of Generative Models for Density Estimation
- 2026From Score Learning to Discretized Sampling: An End-to-End Generalization Analysis of Diffusion Models
- 2026Where the Score Lives: A Wavelet View of Diffusion
- 2022How Much is Enough? A Study on Diffusion Times in Score-based Generative Models
- 2025Adaptivity and Convergence of Probability Flow ODEs in Diffusion Generative Models
- 2026From Score Approximation to Distribution Approximation in Score-Based Diffusion Models