mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Nearest Neighbour Score Estimators for Diffusion Generative Models

arXiv 2402.08018 ↗First posted 12 Feb 2024cs.LG cs.CV stat.MLcited by 10

On the map: Diffusion models → Diffusion foundations and sampling

Abstract (arXiv)

Score function estimation is the cornerstone of both training and sampling from diffusion generative models. Despite this fact, the most commonly used estimators are either biased neural network approximations or high variance Monte Carlo estimators based on the conditional score. We introduce a novel nearest neighbour score function estimator which utilizes multiple samples from the training set to dramatically decrease estimator variance. We leverage our low variance estimator in two compelling applications. Training consistency models with our estimator, we report a significant increase in both convergence speed and sample quality. In diffusion models, we show that our estimator can replace a learned network for probability-flow ODE integration, opening promising new avenues of future research.

Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Diffusion foundations and sampling, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 28 of its 44 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Feb 2024.

Builds on

28 of 44 references.

Closest ancestors · 10

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Adversarial Diffusion Distillation28 Nov
  2. 2023Improved Techniques for Training Consistency Models22 Oct
  3. 2023Consistency Trajectory Models: Learning Probability Flow ODE Trajectory of Diffusion1 Oct
  4. 2023On the Generalization of Diffusion Model24 May
  5. 2023Consistency Models2 Mar
  6. 2023Stable Target Field for Reduced Variance Score Estimation in Diffusion Models1 Feb
  7. 2022Elucidating the Design Space of Diffusion-Based Generative Models1 Jun
  8. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models20 Dec
  9. 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equations26 Nov
  10. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models19 Jun

Other references · 18

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  2. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  3. 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,005
  4. 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 3,980
  5. 2014Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wildcited by 3,679
  6. 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusioncited by 3,006
  7. 2016Improved Techniques for Training GANscited by 2,938
  8. 2017Billion-scale similarity search with GPUscited by 2,477
  9. 2020REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Trainingcited by 2,126
  10. 2021Improving language models by retrieving from trillions of tokenscited by 1,278
  11. 2019Generalization through Memorization: Nearest Neighbor Language Modelscited by 788
  12. 2015Importance Weighted Autoencoderscited by 454
6 more
  1. 2022Flexible Diffusion Modeling of Long Videoscited by 294
  2. 2020Nearest Neighbor Machine Translationcited by 209
  3. 2022KNN-Diffusion: Image Generation via Large-Scale Retrievalcited by 135
  4. 2014Reweighted Wake-Sleepcited by 66
  5. 2020RetrieveGAN: Image Synthesis via Differentiable Patch Retrievalcited by 35
  6. 2021RetrievalFuse: Neural 3D Scene Reconstruction with a Databasecited by 28

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 5; 2026: 4.

10 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2023Closed-Form Diffusion Models
  2. 2022Sampling is as easy as learning the score: theory for diffusion models with minimal data assumptions
  3. 2023Diffusion-Model-Assisted Supervised Learning of Generative Models for Density Estimation
  4. 2026From Score Learning to Discretized Sampling: An End-to-End Generalization Analysis of Diffusion Models
  5. 2026Where the Score Lives: A Wavelet View of Diffusion
  6. 2022How Much is Enough? A Study on Diffusion Times in Score-based Generative Models
  7. 2025Adaptivity and Convergence of Probability Flow ODEs in Diffusion Generative Models
  8. 2026From Score Approximation to Distribution Approximation in Score-Based Diffusion Models