mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Affordable Generative Agents

arXiv 2402.02053 ↗First posted 3 Feb 2024cs.AI cs.HCcited by 8

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks

Abstract (arXiv)

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced the simulation of believable interactive agents. However, the substantial cost on maintaining the prolonged agent interactions poses challenge over the deployment of believable LLM-based agents. Therefore, in this paper, we develop Affordable Generative Agents (AGA), a framework for enabling the generation of believable and low-cost interactions on both agent-environment and inter-agents levels. Specifically, for agent-environment interactions, we substitute repetitive LLM inferences with learned policies; while for inter-agent interactions, we model the social relationships between agents and compress auxiliary dialogue information. Extensive experiments on multiple environments show the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed framework. Also, we delve into the mechanisms of emergent believable behaviors lying in LLM agents, demonstrating that agents can only generate finite behaviors in fixed environments, based upon which, we understand ways to facilitate emergent interaction behaviors. Our code is publicly available at: https://github.com/AffordableGenerativeAgents/Affordable-Generative-Agents.

Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 58 of its 83 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Feb 2024.

Builds on

58 of 83 references.

Closest ancestors · 5

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Lyfe Agents: Generative agents for low-cost real-time social interactions3 Oct
  2. 2023The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey14 Sep
  3. 2023AgentVerse: Facilitating Multi-Agent Collaboration and Exploring Emergent Behaviors21 Aug
  4. 2023MetaGPT: Meta Programming for A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework1 Aug
  5. 2023AdaPlanner: Adaptive Planning from Feedback with Language Models26 May

Other references · 53

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  2. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
  3. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
  4. 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,601
  5. 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,323
  6. 2023Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behaviorcited by 3,500
  7. 2022Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordancescited by 2,302
  8. 2023Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Modelscited by 2,081
  9. 2021WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedbackcited by 1,722
  10. 2023Mind2Web: Towards a Generalist Agent for the Webcited by 1,210
  11. 2022WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-World Web Interaction with Grounded Language Agentscited by 1,197
  12. 2022Language Models as Zero-Shot Planners: Extracting Actionable Knowledge for Embodied Agentscited by 1,029
38 more
  1. 2023FrugalGPT: How to Use Large Language Models While Reducing Cost and Improving Performancecited by 791
  2. 2023Can Large Language Models Be an Alternative to Human Evaluations?cited by 729
  3. 2018CoQA: A Conversational Question Answering Challengecited by 674
  4. 2022ProgPrompt: Generating Situated Robot Task Plans using Large Language Modelscited by 598
  5. 2023MemoryBank: Enhancing Large Language Models with Long-Term Memorycited by 539
  6. 2022LLM-Planner: Few-Shot Grounded Planning for Embodied Agents with Large Language Modelscited by 459
  7. 2018VirtualHome: Simulating Household Activities via Programscited by 411
  8. 2023Learning to Compress Prompts with Gist Tokenscited by 379
  9. 2023An Embodied Generalist Agent in 3D Worldcited by 355
  10. 2022Social Simulacra: Creating Populated Prototypes for Social Computing Systemscited by 300
  11. 2023Role-Play with Large Language Modelscited by 290
  12. 2023Auto-GPT for Online Decision Making: Benchmarks and Additional Opinionscited by 250
  13. 2023Exploring Large Language Models for Communication Games: An Empirical Study on Werewolfcited by 238
  14. 2023S3: Social-network Simulation System with Large Language Model-Empowered Agentscited by 228
  15. 2021Primer: Searching for Efficient Transformers for Language Modelingcited by 162
  16. 2019Mastering Complex Control in MOBA Games with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 150
  17. 2023Large Language Model Cascades with Mixture of Thoughts Representations for Cost-efficient Reasoningcited by 140
  18. 2020Watch-And-Help: A Challenge for Social Perception and Human-AI Collaborationcited by 131
  19. 2017Bilateral Multi-Perspective Matching for Natural Language Sentencescited by 120
  20. 2017Behavior Trees in Robotics and AI: An Introductioncited by 105
  21. 2023Towards Efficient Generative Large Language Model Serving: A Survey from Algorithms to Systemscited by 101
  22. 2023MindAgent: Emergent Gaming Interactioncited by 87
  23. 2023On Learning to Summarize with Large Language Models as Referencescited by 80
  24. 2023Humanoid Agents: Platform for Simulating Human-like Generative Agentscited by 73
  25. 2022RankGen: Improving Text Generation with Large Ranking Modelscited by 72
  26. 2023Plug in the Safety Chip: Enforcing Constraints for LLM-driven Robot Agentscited by 67
  27. 2020MixKD: Towards Efficient Distillation of Large-scale Language Modelscited by 65
  28. 2023Simulating Social Media Using Large Language Models to Evaluate Alternative News Feed Algorithmscited by 64
  29. 2023LLM-Based Agent Society Investigation: Collaboration and Confrontation in Avalon Gameplaycited by 62
  30. 2023EcoAssistant: Using LLM Assistant More Affordably and Accuratelycited by 47
  31. 2023AvalonBench: Evaluating LLMs Playing the Game of Avaloncited by 45
  32. 2023Self-Polish: Enhance Reasoning in Large Language Models via Problem Refinementcited by 43
  33. 2023LeanContext: Cost-Efficient Domain-Specific Question Answering Using LLMscited by 40
  34. 2023Memory Sandbox: Transparent and Interactive Memory Management for Conversational Agentscited by 36
  35. 2021JueWu-MC: Playing Minecraft with Sample-efficient Hierarchical Reinforcement Learningcited by 28
  36. 2022MineRL Diamond 2021 Competition: Overview, Results, and Lessons Learnedcited by 26
  37. 2020Supervised Learning Achieves Human-Level Performance in MOBA Games: A Case Study of Honor of Kingscited by 18
  38. 2023BatchPrompt: Accomplish more with lesscited by 16

50 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.

8 papers.

  1. 2024Large Language Models and Games: A Survey and Roadmapcited by 91
  2. 2024From Individual to Society: A Survey on Social Simulation Driven by Large Language Model-based Agentscited by 76
  3. 2024Playable Game Generationcited by 26
  4. 2025Yan: Foundational Interactive Video Generationcited by 15
  5. 2024Multi-GraspLLM: A Multimodal LLM for Multi-Hand Semantic Guided Grasp Generationcited by 12
  6. 2026ProAct: Agentic Lookahead in Interactive Environmentscited by 3
  7. 2025Static Sandboxes Are Inadequate: Modeling Societal Complexity Requires Open-Ended Co-Evolution in LLM-Based Multi-Agent Simulationscited by 2
  8. 2026Generative Embodied Multiple Behavior Control Systems for Human-like Agentscited by 0

Similar, not cited

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  1. 2025Do Large Language Models Solve the Problems of Agent-Based Modeling? A Critical Review of Generative Social Simulations
  2. 2025EcoLANG: Efficient and Effective Agent Communication Language Induction for Social Simulation
  3. 2024Input Conditioned Graph Generation for Language Agents
  4. 2025GenEnv: Difficulty-Aligned Co-Evolution Between LLM Agents and Environment Simulators
  5. 2025Small Language Models are the Future of Agentic AI
  6. 2025Cost-Effective Communication: An Auction-based Method for Language Agent Interaction
  7. 2025Too Human to Model:The Uncanny Valley of LLMs in Social Simulation -- When Generative Language Agents Misalign with Modelling Principles
  8. 2024A Survey on LLM-based Multi-Agent System: Recent Advances and New Frontiers in Application