mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

AesBench: An Expert Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models on Image Aesthetics Perception

arXiv 2401.08276 ↗First posted 16 Jan 2024cs.CV cs.CLcited by 63

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Image editing and quality assessment

Abstract (arXiv)

With collective endeavors, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are undergoing a flourishing development. However, their performances on image aesthetics perception remain indeterminate, which is highly desired in real-world applications. An obvious obstacle lies in the absence of a specific benchmark to evaluate the effectiveness of MLLMs on aesthetic perception. This blind groping may impede the further development of more advanced MLLMs with aesthetic perception capacity. To address this dilemma, we propose AesBench, an expert benchmark aiming to comprehensively evaluate the aesthetic perception capacities of MLLMs through elaborate design across dual facets. (1) We construct an Expert-labeled Aesthetics Perception Database (EAPD), which features diversified image contents and high-quality annotations provided by professional aesthetic experts. (2) We propose a set of integrative criteria to measure the aesthetic perception abilities of MLLMs from four perspectives, including Perception (AesP), Empathy (AesE), Assessment (AesA) and Interpretation (AesI). Extensive experimental results underscore that the current MLLMs only possess rudimentary aesthetic perception ability, and there is still a significant gap between MLLMs and humans. We hope this work can inspire the community to engage in deeper explorations on the aesthetic potentials of MLLMs. Source data will be available at https://github.com/yipoh/AesBench.

Key facts. Cited by 63 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Image editing and quality assessment, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 35 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Jan 2024.

Builds on

35 of 48 references.

References · 35

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  3. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
  4. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
  5. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,792
  6. 2023Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 4,362
  7. 2023InstructBLIP: Towards General-purpose Vision-Language Models with Instruction Tuningcited by 2,855
  8. 2023MiniGPT-4: Enhancing Vision-Language Understanding with Advanced Large Language Modelscited by 2,689
  9. 2015VQA: Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,489
  10. 2023Qwen-VL: A Versatile Vision-Language Model for Understanding, Localization, Text Reading, and Beyondcited by 2,179
  11. 2021GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infillingcited by 1,026
  12. 2023ShareGPT4V: Improving Large Multi-Modal Models with Better Captionscited by 1,000
23 more
  1. 2023LISA: Reasoning Segmentation via Large Language Modelcited by 770
  2. 2023The Dawn of LMMs: Preliminary Explorations with GPT-4V(ision)cited by 677
  3. 2023MiniGPT-v2: large language model as a unified interface for vision-language multi-task learningcited by 617
  4. 2023Otter: A Multi-Modal Model with In-Context Instruction Tuningcited by 548
  5. 2023mPLUG-Owl2: Revolutionizing Multi-modal Large Language Model with Modality Collaborationcited by 545
  6. 2023Q-Align: Teaching LMMs for Visual Scoring via Discrete Text-Defined Levelscited by 489
  7. 2022DiffusionDB: A Large-scale Prompt Gallery Dataset for Text-to-Image Generative Modelscited by 376
  8. 2019KonIQ-10k: An ecologically valid database for deep learning of blind image quality assessmentcited by 351
  9. 2023Q-Bench: A Benchmark for General-Purpose Foundation Models on Low-level Visioncited by 247
  10. 2018A Comprehensive Survey of Deep Learning for Image Captioningcited by 213
  11. 2023Q-Instruct: Improving Low-level Visual Abilities for Multi-modality Foundation Modelscited by 152
  12. 2023AGIQA-3K: An Open Database for AI-Generated Image Quality Assessmentcited by 142
  13. 2016Photo Aesthetics Ranking Network with Attributes and Content Adaptationcited by 122
  14. 2021ArtEmis: Affective Language for Visual Artcited by 103
  15. 2023TinyGPT-V: Efficient Multimodal Large Language Model via Small Backbonescited by 77
  16. 2022Personalized Image Aesthetics Assessment with Rich Attributescited by 56
  17. 2023A Perceptual Quality Assessment Exploration for AIGC Imagescited by 54
  18. 2023Towards Artistic Image Aesthetics Assessment: a Large-scale Dataset and a New Methodcited by 48
  19. 2023BenchLMM: Benchmarking Cross-style Visual Capability of Large Multimodal Modelscited by 41
  20. 2023Q-Boost: On Visual Quality Assessment Ability of Low-level Multi-Modality Foundation Modelscited by 22
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  22. 2022Aesthetically Relevant Image Captioningcited by 6
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 17; 2025: 23; 2026: 23.

63 papers.

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  1. 2024VLMEvalKit: An Open-Source Toolkit for Evaluating Large Multi-Modality Modelscited by 443
  2. 2024SPHINX-X: Scaling Data and Parameters for a Family of Multi-modal Large Language Modelscited by 130
  3. 2024A Survey on Benchmarks of Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 81
  4. 2024AesExpert: Towards Multi-modality Foundation Model for Image Aesthetics Perceptioncited by 53
  5. 2024ChartInsights: Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models for Low-Level Chart Question Answeringcited by 50
  6. 2024A Survey on Evaluation of Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 46
  7. 2024SHIELD : An Evaluation Benchmark for Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 39
  8. 2024A-Bench: Are LMMs Masters at Evaluating AI-generated Images?cited by 39
  9. 2024Q-Bench-Video: Benchmarking the Video Quality Understanding of LMMscited by 39
  10. 2024FakeBench: Probing Explainable Fake Image Detection via Large Multimodal Modelscited by 36
  11. 2024A Survey on Multimodal Benchmarks: In the Era of Large AI Modelscited by 27
  12. 2024Quality Assessment in the Era of Large Models: A Surveycited by 26
38 more
  1. 2025UniPercept: Towards Unified Perceptual-Level Image Understanding across Aesthetics, Quality, Structure, and Texturecited by 19
  2. 2025HumanAesExpert: Advancing a Multi-Modality Foundation Model for Human Image Aesthetic Assessmentcited by 17
  3. 2024UniQA: Unified Vision-Language Pre-training for Image Quality and Aesthetic Assessmentcited by 12
  4. 2024HEIE: MLLM-Based Hierarchical Explainable AIGC Image Implausibility Evaluatorcited by 12
  5. 2025EEmo-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-modal Large Language Models on Image Evoked Emotion Assessmentcited by 12
  6. 2025The Photographer Eye: Teaching Multimodal Large Language Models to Understand Image Aesthetics like Photographerscited by 12
  7. 2025FakeScope: Large Multimodal Expert Model for Transparent AI-Generated Image Forensicscited by 11
  8. 2025From Captions to Rewards (CAREVL): Leveraging Large Language Model Experts for Enhanced Reward Modeling in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 10
  9. 2025AesBiasBench: Evaluating Bias and Alignment in Multimodal Language Models for Personalized Image Aesthetic Assessmentcited by 10
  10. 2025MoEdit: On Learning Quantity Perception for Multi-object Image Editingcited by 7
  11. 2025Q-Adapt: Adapting LMM for Visual Quality Assessment with Progressive Instruction Tuningcited by 6
  12. 2025FaceShield: Explainable Face Anti-Spoofing with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 6
  13. 2026Can Vision Language Models Assess Graphic Design Aesthetics? A Benchmark, Evaluation, and Dataset Perspectivecited by 6
  14. 2024Text2QR: Harmonizing Aesthetic Customization and Scanning Robustness for Text-Guided QR Code Generationcited by 5
  15. 2025Language-Guided Visual Perception Disentanglement for Image Quality Assessment and Conditional Image Generationcited by 5
  16. 2025Beyond Reasoning Gains: Mitigating General-Capability Forgetting in Large Reasoning Modelscited by 5
  17. 2026Fine-grained Image Aesthetic Assessment: Learning Discriminative Scores from Relative Rankscited by 5
  18. 2025AstroMMBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models Capabilities in Astronomycited by 3
  19. 2026EEmo-Logic: A Unified Dataset and Multi-Stage Framework for Comprehensive Image-Evoked Emotion Assessmentcited by 3
  20. 2026Venus: Benchmarking and Empowering Multimodal Large Language Models for Aesthetic Guidance and Croppingcited by 3
  21. 2024Textual Aesthetics in Large Language Modelscited by 2
  22. 2024Face2QR: A Unified Framework for Aesthetic, Face-Preserving, and Scannable QR Code Generationcited by 2
  23. 2025PlanGPT-VL: Enhancing Urban Planning with Domain-Specific Vision-Language Modelscited by 2
  24. 2025SNS-Bench-VL: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models in Social Networking Servicescited by 2
  25. 2025CreBench: Human-Aligned Creativity Evaluation from Idea to Process to Productcited by 2
  26. 2026Can MLLMs Critique Like Humans? Evaluating Open-Ended Aesthetic Reasoning in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 2
  27. 2025Resampling Benchmark for Efficient Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 1
  28. 2025AesTest: Measuring Aesthetic Intelligence from Perception to Productioncited by 1
  29. 2026The Algorithmic Gaze of Image Quality Assessment: An Audit and Trace Ethnography of the LAION-Aesthetics Predictorcited by 1
  30. 2026Q-Bench-Portrait: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models on Portrait Image Quality Perceptioncited by 1
  31. 2026VideoAesBench: Benchmarking the Video Aesthetics Perception Capabilities of Large Multimodal Modelscited by 1
  32. 2026What Do Vision-Language Models Encode for Personalized Image Aesthetics Assessment?cited by 1
  33. 2026Bounded-Compute Multimodal Regression for Product-Rating Predictioncited by 1
  34. 2026Personalized Image Aesthetic Assessment via Preference-rich Sample Mining and Cohort Mergingcited by 1
  35. 2025Score2Instruct: Scaling Up Video Quality-Centric Instructions via Automated Dimension Scoringcited by 0
  36. 2025From Drone Imagery to Livability Mapping: AI-powered Environment Perception in Rural Chinacited by 0
  37. 2025Cost Savings from Automatic Quality Assessment of Generated Imagescited by 0
  38. 2025Stable diffusion models reveal a persisting human and AI gap in visual creativitycited by 0

50 most cited of 63 All 63 (JSON)

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  1. 2026Visual Aesthetic Benchmark: Can Frontier Models Judge Beauty?
  2. 2025Unlocking the Essence of Beauty: Advanced Aesthetic Reasoning with Relative-Absolute Policy Optimization
  3. 2025ArtiMuse: Fine-Grained Image Aesthetics Assessment with Joint Scoring and Expert-Level Understanding
  4. 2023VILA: Learning Image Aesthetics from User Comments with Vision-Language Pretraining
  5. 2024Advancing Comprehensive Aesthetic Insight with Multi-Scale Text-Guided Self-Supervised Learning
  6. 2025Aesthetic Image Captioning with Saliency Enhanced MLLMs
  7. 2024UNIAA: A Unified Multi-modal Image Aesthetic Assessment Baseline and Benchmark
  8. 2025From Pixels to Feelings: Aligning MLLMs with Human Cognitive Perception of Images