mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

RoleEval: A Bilingual Role Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models

arXiv 2312.16132 ↗First posted 26 Dec 2023cs.CLcited by 21

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Abstract (arXiv)

The rapid evolution of large language models necessitates effective benchmarks for evaluating their role knowledge, which is essential for establishing connections with the real world and providing more immersive interactions. This paper introduces RoleEval, a bilingual benchmark designed to assess the memorization, utilization, and reasoning capabilities of role knowledge. RoleEval comprises RoleEval-Global (including internationally recognized characters) and RoleEval-Chinese (including characters popular in China), with 6,000 Chinese-English parallel multiple-choice questions focusing on 300 influential people and fictional characters drawn from a variety of domains including celebrities, anime, comics, movies, TV series, games, and fictions. These questions cover basic knowledge and multi-hop reasoning abilities, aiming to systematically probe various aspects such as personal information, relationships, abilities, and experiences of the characters. To maintain high standards, we perform a hybrid quality check process combining both automatic and human verification, ensuring that the questions are diverse, challenging, and discriminative. Our extensive evaluations with RoleEval across various open-source and proprietary large language models, under both the zero- and few-shot settings, reveal insightful findings. Notably, while GPT-4 outperforms other models on RoleEval-Global, Chinese large language models excel on RoleEval-Chinese, highlighting significant knowledge distribution differences. We expect that RoleEval would highlight the significance of assessing role knowledge for large language models across various languages and cultural settings.

Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Dec 2023.

Builds on

26 of 33 references.

References · 26

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
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14 more
  1. 2023The Falcon Series of Open Language Modelscited by 535
  2. 2023CMMLU: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in Chinesecited by 449
  3. 2023Character-LLM: A Trainable Agent for Role-Playingcited by 339
  4. 2023Efficient and Effective Text Encoding for Chinese LLaMA and Alpacacited by 305
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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 10; 2025: 5; 2026: 6.

21 papers.

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  1. 2024From Persona to Personalization: A Survey on Role-Playing Language Agentscited by 212
  2. 2024From Individual to Society: A Survey on Social Simulation Driven by Large Language Model-based Agentscited by 82
  3. 2024Exploring Prosocial Irrationality for LLM Agents: A Social Cognition Viewcited by 38
  4. 2025CoSER: A Comprehensive Literary Dataset and Framework for Training and Evaluating LLM Role-Playing and Persona Simulationcited by 26
  5. 2024MMRole: A Comprehensive Framework for Developing and Evaluating Multimodal Role-Playing Agentscited by 21
  6. 2024Sibyl: Simple yet Effective Agent Framework for Complex Real-world Reasoningcited by 18
  7. 2024Quantifying and Optimizing Global Faithfulness in Persona-driven Role-playingcited by 17
  8. 2025TwinVoice: A Multi-dimensional Benchmark Towards Digital Twins via LLM Persona Simulationcited by 15
  9. 2024Star-Agents: Automatic Data Optimization with LLM Agents for Instruction Tuningcited by 14
  10. 2024Beyond Math: Stories as a Testbed for Memorization-Constrained Reasoning in LLMscited by 12
  11. 2026HER: Human-like Reasoning and Reinforcement Learning for LLM Role-playingcited by 10
  12. 2024SimulBench: Evaluating Language Models with Creative Simulation Taskscited by 8
9 more
  1. 2025Guess What I am Thinking: A Benchmark for Inner Thought Reasoning of Role-Playing Language Agentscited by 5
  2. 2025SpeechRole: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Evaluating Speech Role-Playing Agentscited by 4
  3. 2026Role-Playing Agents Driven by Large Language Models: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Trendscited by 2
  4. 2024CharacterBench: Benchmarking Character Customization of Large Language Modelscited by 1
  5. 2025HAMLET: A Hierarchical and Adaptive Multi-Agent Framework for Live Embodied Theatricscited by 1
  6. 2026Agentopia: Long-Term Life Simulation and Learning in Agent Societiescited by 1
  7. 2026TRACE Bench: Task-driven Roleplay Agentic Checklist Evaluationcited by 1
  8. 2026BOOKMARKS: Efficient Active Storyline Memory for Role-playingcited by 0
  9. 2026Beyond Borrowed Histories: Person-Aligned User Simulation for Interactive Role-Playing Evaluationcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024CharacterEval: A Chinese Benchmark for Role-Playing Conversational Agent Evaluation
  2. 2024Large Language Models are Superpositions of All Characters: Attaining Arbitrary Role-play via Self-Alignment
  3. 2025RoleMRC: A Fine-Grained Composite Benchmark for Role-Playing and Instruction-Following
  4. 2025PersonaEval: Are LLM Evaluators Human Enough to Judge Role-Play?
  5. 2026Cognitive Enhancement: Rethinking the Necessity of Role-Playing for Large Language Models
  6. 2024DetectiveQA: Evaluating Long-Context Reasoning on Detective Novels
  7. 2023TencentLLMEval: A Hierarchical Evaluation of Real-World Capabilities for Human-Aligned LLMs
  8. 2026Character Beyond Speech: Leveraging Role-Playing Evaluation in Audio Large Language Models via Reinforcement Learning