mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

LLM A*: Human in the Loop Large Language Models Enabled A* Search for Robotics

arXiv 2312.01797 ↗First posted 4 Dec 2023cs.RO cs.AI cs.HCcited by 26

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Abstract (arXiv)

This research focuses on how Large Language Models (LLMs) can help with (path) planning for mobile embodied agents such as robots, in a human-in-the-loop and interactive manner. A novel framework named LLM A*, aims to leverage the commonsense of LLMs, and the utility-optimal A* is proposed to facilitate few-shot near-optimal path planning. Prompts are used for two main purposes: 1) to provide LLMs with essential information like environments, costs, heuristics, etc.; 2) to communicate human feedback on intermediate planning results to LLMs. This approach takes human feedback on board and renders the entire planning process transparent (akin to a `white box') to humans. Moreover, it facilitates code-free path planning, thereby fostering the accessibility and inclusiveness of artificial intelligence techniques to communities less proficient in coding. Comparative analysis against A* and RL demonstrates that LLM A* exhibits greater efficiency in terms of search space and achieves paths comparable to A* while outperforming RL. The interactive nature of LLM A* also makes it a promising tool for deployment in collaborative human-robot tasks. Codes and Supplemental Materials can be found at GitHub: https://github.com/speedhawk/LLM-A-.

Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 18 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Dec 2023.

Builds on

11 of 18 references.

References · 11

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
  2. 2013Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 3,274
  3. 2015Trust Region Policy Optimizationcited by 2,580
  4. 2017Vision-and-Language Navigation: Interpreting visually-grounded navigation instructions in real environmentscited by 1,027
  5. 2022LLM-Planner: Few-Shot Grounded Planning for Embodied Agents with Large Language Modelscited by 462
  6. 2020Path Planning using Neural A* Searchcited by 52
  7. 2023Can Large Language Models be Good Path Planners? A Benchmark and Investigation on Spatial-temporal Reasoningcited by 49
  8. 2023Language-Conditioned Path Planningcited by 10
  9. 2022A Human-friendly Verbal Communication Platform for Multi-Robot Systems: Design and Principlescited by 2
  10. 2022Fast-Spanning Ant Colony Optimisation (FaSACO) for Mobile Robot Coverage Path Planningcited by 1
  11. 2023Hybrid of representation learning and reinforcement learning for dynamic and complex robotic motion planningcited by 1

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 11; 2025: 13; 2026: 2.

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  1. 2024Understanding the planning of LLM agents: A surveycited by 421
  2. 2024Evolution of Heuristics: Towards Efficient Automatic Algorithm Design Using Large Language Modelcited by 268
  3. 2024A Review of Large Language Models and Autonomous Agents in Chemistrycited by 99
  4. 2025Evaluating LLM-based Agents for Multi-Turn Conversations: A Surveycited by 57
  5. 2024AGILE: A Novel Reinforcement Learning Framework of LLM Agentscited by 45
  6. 2024Agent-Oriented Planning in Multi-Agent Systemscited by 36
  7. 2025LLM-Based Human-Agent Collaboration and Interaction Systems: A Surveycited by 29
  8. 2024Planning with Multi-Constraints via Collaborative Language Agentscited by 26
  9. 2025Enabling Self-Improving Agents to Learn at Test Time With Human-In-The-Loop Guidancecited by 14
  10. 2025LLM-based Automated Grading with Human-in-the-Loopcited by 13
  11. 2024A Human-Like Reasoning Framework for Multi-Phases Planning Task with Large Language Modelscited by 12
  12. 2024From Interaction to Impact: Towards Safer AI Agents Through Understanding and Evaluating Mobile UI Operation Impactscited by 10
14 more
  1. 2025Exploring the Necessity of Reasoning in LLM-based Agent Scenarioscited by 10
  2. 2025A Call for Collaborative Intelligence: Why Human-Agent Systems Should Precede AI Autonomycited by 9
  3. 2024Look Further Ahead: Testing the Limits of GPT-4 in Path Planningcited by 7
  4. 2024Human-In-The-Loop Machine Learning for Safe and Ethical Autonomous Vehicles: Principles, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 6
  5. 2025LLMAP: LLM-Assisted Multi-Objective Route Planning with User Preferencescited by 5
  6. 2025How Far are LLMs from Real Search? A Comprehensive Study on Efficiency, Completeness, and Inherent Capabilitiescited by 4
  7. 2026MINT: Minimal Information Neuro-Symbolic Tree for Objective-Driven Knowledge-Gap Reasoning and Active Elicitationcited by 4
  8. 2025Constraint-Aware Route Recommendation from Natural Language via Hierarchical LLM Agentscited by 3
  9. 2025Strategy-Augmented Planning for Large Language Models via Opponent Exploitationcited by 2
  10. 2025Perspective on Utilizing Foundation Models for Laboratory Automation in Materials Researchcited by 2
  11. 2025DINOv3-Diffusion Policy: Self-Supervised Large Visual Model for Visuomotor Diffusion Policy Learningcited by 2
  12. 2026Overcoming the Weakest-Link Effect in LLM-Driven Program Optimization via Heterogeneous Edit Recombinationcited by 2
  13. 2024Agentic AI: The Era of Semantic Decodingcited by 1
  14. 2025Deployability-Centric Infrastructure-as-Code Generation: Fail, Learn, Refine, and Succeed through LLM-Empowered DevOps Simulationcited by 1