mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

OLaLa: Ontology Matching with Large Language Models

arXiv 2311.03837 ↗First posted 7 Nov 2023cs.IR cs.CLcited by 35

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Abstract (arXiv)

Ontology (and more generally: Knowledge Graph) Matching is a challenging task where information in natural language is one of the most important signals to process. With the rise of Large Language Models, it is possible to incorporate this knowledge in a better way into the matching pipeline. A number of decisions still need to be taken, e.g., how to generate a prompt that is useful to the model, how information in the KG can be formulated in prompts, which Large Language Model to choose, how to provide existing correspondences to the model, how to generate candidates, etc. In this paper, we present a prototype that explores these questions by applying zero-shot and few-shot prompting with multiple open Large Language Models to different tasks of the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI). We show that with only a handful of examples and a well-designed prompt, it is possible to achieve results that are en par with supervised matching systems which use a much larger portion of the ground truth.

Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Nov 2023.

Builds on

14 of 31 references.

References · 14

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
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  10. 2021BERTMap: A BERT-based Ontology Alignment Systemcited by 46
  11. 2023Language Model Analysis for Ontology Subsumption Inferencecited by 25
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2 more
  1. 2020The Knowledge Graph Track at OAEI -- Gold Standards, Baselines, and the Golden Hammer Biascited by 9
  2. 2022KERMIT -- A Transformer-Based Approach for Knowledge Graph Matchingcited by 1

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 16; 2025: 11; 2026: 7.

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  1. 2023Agent-OM: Leveraging LLM Agents for Ontology Matchingcited by 27
  2. 2024LLMs4OM: Matching Ontologies with Large Language Modelscited by 22
  3. 2024Magneto: Combining Small and Large Language Models for Schema Matchingcited by 17
  4. 2024OntoChat: a Framework for Conversational Ontology Engineering using Language Modelscited by 15
  5. 2024Do LLMs Really Adapt to Domains? An Ontology Learning Perspectivecited by 11
  6. 2024Towards Complex Ontology Alignment using Large Language Modelscited by 9
  7. 2024Retrieval-Augmented Generation-based Relation Extractioncited by 9
  8. 2024Matchmaker: Self-Improving Large Language Model Programs for Schema Matchingcited by 9
  9. 2024Accelerating Knowledge Graph and Ontology Engineering with Large Language Modelscited by 9
  10. 2025OntoAligner: A Comprehensive Modular and Robust Python Toolkit for Ontology Alignmentcited by 8
  11. 2024Generalizable and Scalable Multistage Biomedical Concept Normalization Leveraging Large Language Modelscited by 7
  12. 2025Ontology Matching with Large Language Models and Prioritized Depth-First Searchcited by 5
23 more
  1. 2024Do LLMs Dream of Ontologies?cited by 3
  2. 2024OAEI-LLM: A Benchmark Dataset for Understanding Large Language Model Hallucinations in Ontology Matchingcited by 3
  3. 2024LLM+KG@VLDB'24 Workshop Summarycited by 3
  4. 2025Large Language Models as Oracles for Ontology Alignmentcited by 3
  5. 2026A Guide to Large Language Models in Modeling and Simulation: From Core Techniques to Critical Challengescited by 3
  6. 2025KROMA: Ontology Matching with Knowledge Retrieval and Large Language Modelscited by 2
  7. 2025GenOM: Ontology Matching with Description Generation and Large Language Modelcited by 2
  8. 2026Open Ontologies: Tool-Augmented Ontology Engineering with Stable Matching Alignmentcited by 2
  9. 2024OWL2Vec4OA: Tailoring Knowledge Graph Embeddings for Ontology Alignmentcited by 1
  10. 2025OAEI-LLM-T: A TBox Benchmark Dataset for Understanding Large Language Model Hallucinations in Ontology Matchingcited by 1
  11. 2025RELRaE: LLM-Based Relationship Extraction, Labelling, Refinement, and Evaluationcited by 1
  12. 2025OntoAligner Meets Knowledge Graph Embedding Alignerscited by 1
  13. 2025Minimizing Hyperbolic Embedding Distortion with LLM-Guided Hierarchy Restructuringcited by 1
  14. 2026Structured Decomposition for LLM Reasoning: Cross-Domain Validation and Semantic Web Integrationcited by 1
  15. 2024The Mercurial Top-Level Ontology of Large Language Modelscited by 0
  16. 2024Ontological Relations from Word Embeddingscited by 0
  17. 2024How Does A Text Preprocessing Pipeline Affect Ontology Matching?cited by 0
  18. 2025medicX-KG: A Knowledge Graph for Pharmacists' Drug Information Needscited by 0
  19. 2025FLORA: Unsupervised Knowledge Graph Alignment by Fuzzy Logiccited by 0
  20. 2026Knowledge Graph Re-engineering Along the Ontological Continuum (extended version)cited by 0
  21. 2026AgentMap: Joint Equivalence and Subsumption Discovery for Ontology Matchingcited by 0
  22. 2026OntoAligner-Ensemble: Voting-Based Fusion across Heterogeneous Ontology Alignment Techniquescited by 0
  23. 2026Federated Agent Optimizationcited by 0