mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

SEER : A Knapsack approach to Exemplar Selection for In-Context HybridQA

arXiv 2310.06675 ↗First posted 10 Oct 2023cs.CLcited by 9

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Abstract (arXiv)

Question answering over hybrid contexts is a complex task, which requires the combination of information extracted from unstructured texts and structured tables in various ways. Recently, In-Context Learning demonstrated significant performance advances for reasoning tasks. In this paradigm, a large language model performs predictions based on a small set of supporting exemplars. The performance of In-Context Learning depends heavily on the selection procedure of the supporting exemplars, particularly in the case of HybridQA, where considering the diversity of reasoning chains and the large size of the hybrid contexts becomes crucial. In this work, we present Selection of ExEmplars for hybrid Reasoning (SEER), a novel method for selecting a set of exemplars that is both representative and diverse. The key novelty of SEER is that it formulates exemplar selection as a Knapsack Integer Linear Program. The Knapsack framework provides the flexibility to incorporate diversity constraints that prioritize exemplars with desirable attributes, and capacity constraints that ensure that the prompt size respects the provided capacity budgets. The effectiveness of SEER is demonstrated on FinQA and TAT-QA, two real-world benchmarks for HybridQA, where it outperforms previous exemplar selection methods.

Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Oct 2023.

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31 of 50 references.

References · 31

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  2. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,170
  3. 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,320
  4. 2021Calibrate Before Use: Improving Few-Shot Performance of Language Modelscited by 1,392
  5. 2021What Makes Good In-Context Examples for GPT-3?cited by 1,195
  6. 2021Fantastically Ordered Prompts and Where to Find Them: Overcoming Few-Shot Prompt Order Sensitivitycited by 1,135
  7. 2022Program of Thoughts Prompting: Disentangling Computation from Reasoning for Numerical Reasoning Taskscited by 1,076
  8. 2019DROP: A Reading Comprehension Benchmark Requiring Discrete Reasoning Over Paragraphscited by 903
  9. 2022Automatic Chain of Thought Prompting in Large Language Modelscited by 688
  10. 2022PAL: Program-aided Language Modelscited by 652
  11. 2021Learning To Retrieve Prompts for In-Context Learningcited by 648
  12. 2021FinQA: A Dataset of Numerical Reasoning over Financial Datacited by 562
19 more
  1. 2021TAT-QA: A Question Answering Benchmark on a Hybrid of Tabular and Textual Content in Financecited by 408
  2. 2022Dynamic Prompt Learning via Policy Gradient for Semi-structured Mathematical Reasoningcited by 350
  3. 2020ToTTo: A Controlled Table-To-Text Generation Datasetcited by 268
  4. 2020HybridQA: A Dataset of Multi-Hop Question Answering over Tabular and Textual Datacited by 264
  5. 2022Selective Annotation Makes Language Models Better Few-Shot Learnerscited by 243
  6. 2023LEVER: Learning to Verify Language-to-Code Generation with Executioncited by 239
  7. 2022ConvFinQA: Exploring the Chain of Numerical Reasoning in Conversational Finance Question Answeringcited by 196
  8. 2022Active Example Selection for In-Context Learningcited by 196
  9. 2021FEVEROUS: Fact Extraction and VERification Over Unstructured and Structured informationcited by 167
  10. 2020Open Question Answering over Tables and Textcited by 163
  11. 2023Compositional Exemplars for In-context Learningcited by 144
  12. 2022MultiHiertt: Numerical Reasoning over Multi Hierarchical Tabular and Textual Datacited by 121
  13. 2023Finding Support Examples for In-Context Learningcited by 104
  14. 2022Reasoning Like Program Executorscited by 45
  15. 2022TaCube: Pre-computing Data Cubes for Answering Numerical-Reasoning Questions over Tabular Datacited by 19
  16. 2022Answering Numerical Reasoning Questions in Table-Text Hybrid Contents with Graph-based Encoder and Tree-based Decodercited by 17
  17. 2022ELASTIC: Numerical Reasoning with Adaptive Symbolic Compilercited by 14
  18. 2022UniRPG: Unified Discrete Reasoning over Table and Text as Program Generationcited by 13
  19. 2022APOLLO: An Optimized Training Approach for Long-form Numerical Reasoningcited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.

9 papers.

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  1. 2026Self-Correcting RAG: Enhancing Faithfulness via MMKP Context Selection and NLI-Guided MCTS
  2. 2025T2: An Adaptive Test-Time Scaling Strategy for Contextual Question Answering
  3. 2024Reasoning Graph Enhanced Exemplars Retrieval for In-Context Learning
  4. 2024DCR: Divide-and-Conquer Reasoning for Multi-choice Question Answering with LLMs
  5. 2022PACIFIC: Towards Proactive Conversational Question Answering over Tabular and Textual Data in Finance
  6. 2024The Power of Adaptation: Boosting In-Context Learning through Adaptive Prompting
  7. 2026How Much Reasoning Do Retrieval-Augmented Models Add beyond LLMs? A Benchmarking Framework for Multi-Hop Inference over Hybrid Knowledge
  8. 2022Complementary Explanations for Effective In-Context Learning