mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ZSC-Eval: An Evaluation Toolkit and Benchmark for Multi-agent Zero-shot Coordination

arXiv 2310.05208 ↗First posted 8 Oct 2023cs.AI cs.HC cs.LGcited by 23

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Zero-shot coordination (ZSC) is a new cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) challenge that aims to train an ego agent to work with diverse, unseen partners during deployment. The significant difference between the deployment-time partners' distribution and the training partners' distribution determined by the training algorithm makes ZSC a unique out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization challenge. The potential distribution gap between evaluation and deployment-time partners leads to inadequate evaluation, which is exacerbated by the lack of appropriate evaluation metrics. In this paper, we present ZSC-Eval, the first evaluation toolkit and benchmark for ZSC algorithms. ZSC-Eval consists of: 1) Generation of evaluation partner candidates through behavior-preferring rewards to approximate deployment-time partners' distribution; 2) Selection of evaluation partners by Best-Response Diversity (BR-Div); 3) Measurement of generalization performance with various evaluation partners via the Best-Response Proximity (BR-Prox) metric. We use ZSC-Eval to benchmark ZSC algorithms in Overcooked and Google Research Football environments and get novel empirical findings. We also conduct a human experiment of current ZSC algorithms to verify the ZSC-Eval's consistency with human evaluation. ZSC-Eval is now available at https://github.com/sjtu-marl/ZSC-Eval.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 64 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Oct 2023.

Builds on

40 of 64 references.

References · 40

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
  2. 2021The Surprising Effectiveness of PPO in Cooperative, Multi-Agent Gamescited by 903
  3. 2021Deep Reinforcement Learning at the Edge of the Statistical Precipicecited by 781
  4. 2020Monotonic Value Function Factorisation for Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 475
  5. 2021Towards Out-Of-Distribution Generalization: A Surveycited by 431
  6. 2021Deep Long-Tailed Learning: A Surveycited by 416
  7. 2017Population Based Training of Neural Networkscited by 351
  8. 2019On the Utility of Learning about Humans for Human-AI Coordinationcited by 345
  9. 2019Google Research Football: A Novel Reinforcement Learning Environmentcited by 257
  10. 2023Reward Design with Language Modelscited by 257
  11. 2013The Complexity of Decentralized Control of Markov Decision Processescited by 225
  12. 2020"Other-Play" for Zero-Shot Coordinationcited by 194
28 more
  1. 2021A Survey of Zero-shot Generalisation in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 164
  2. 2021Collaborating with Humans without Human Datacited by 139
  3. 2020Effective Diversity in Population Based Reinforcement Learningcited by 116
  4. 2017Time Limits in Reinforcement Learningcited by 72
  5. 2021Maximum Entropy Population-Based Training for Zero-Shot Human-AI Coordinationcited by 69
  6. 2018Variational Inverse Control with Events: A General Framework for Data-Driven Reward Definitioncited by 66
  7. 2022Independent Policy Gradient for Large-Scale Markov Potential Games: Sharper Rates, Function Approximation, and Game-Agnostic Convergencecited by 54
  8. 2022A Survey of Ad Hoc Teamwork Researchcited by 41
  9. 2021Evaluation of Human-AI Teams for Learned and Rule-Based Agents in Hanabicited by 37
  10. 2023Learning Zero-Shot Cooperation with Humans, Assuming Humans Are Biasedcited by 37
  11. 2022Settling the Reward Hypothesiscited by 33
  12. 2023Cooperative Open-ended Learning Framework for Zero-shot Coordinationcited by 30
  13. 2021Evaluating the Robustness of Collaborative Agentscited by 25
  14. 2023PECAN: Leveraging Policy Ensemble for Context-Aware Zero-Shot Human-AI Coordinationcited by 25
  15. 2021Model-based Multi-agent Policy Optimization with Adaptive Opponent-wise Rolloutscited by 24
  16. 2023Order Matters: Agent-by-agent Policy Optimizationcited by 24
  17. 2022Any-Play: An Intrinsic Augmentation for Zero-Shot Coordinationcited by 22
  18. 2017Deep Reinforcement Learning for Event-Driven Multi-Agent Decision Processescited by 21
  19. 2021Quantifying the effects of environment and population diversity in multi-agent reinforcement learningcited by 21
  20. 2022Model-based Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning: Recent Progress and Prospectscited by 17
  21. 2022Generating Teammates for Training Robust Ad Hoc Teamwork Agents via Best-Response Diversitycited by 17
  22. 2023Minimum Coverage Sets for Training Robust Ad Hoc Teamwork Agentscited by 13
  23. 2022Heterogeneous Multi-agent Zero-Shot Coordination by Coevolutioncited by 12
  24. 2023Tackling Cooperative Incompatibility for Zero-Shot Human-AI Coordinationcited by 12
  25. 2022Warmth and competence in human-agent cooperationcited by 11
  26. 2023A Hierarchical Approach to Population Training for Human-AI Collaborationcited by 7
  27. 2023Who Needs to Know? Minimal Knowledge for Optimal Coordinationcited by 5
  28. 2018SocialRobot: Towards a Personalized Elderly Care Mobile Robotcited by 1

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 12; 2026: 7.

23 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2025Heterogeneous Swarms: Jointly Optimizing Model Roles and Weights for Multi-LLM Systemscited by 22
  2. 2024Mutual Theory of Mind in Human-AI Collaboration: An Empirical Study with LLM-driven AI Agents in a Real-time Shared Workspace Taskcited by 17
  3. 2024RAT: Adversarial Attacks on Deep Reinforcement Agents for Targeted Behaviorscited by 16
  4. 2024The Overcooked Generalisation Challenge: Evaluating Cooperation with Novel Partners in Unknown Environments Using Unsupervised Environment Designcited by 11
  5. 2025Leveraging Dual Process Theory in Language Agent Framework for Real-time Simultaneous Human-AI Collaborationcited by 10
  6. 2026M3-BENCH: Process-Aware Evaluation of LLM Agents' Social Behaviors in Mixed-Motive Gamescited by 8
  7. 2025ROTATE: Regret-driven Open-ended Training for Ad Hoc Teamworkcited by 6
  8. 2025When Should Users Check? Modeling Confirmation Frequency in Multi-Step Agentic AI Taskscited by 6
  9. 2024Autonomous Goal Detection and Cessation in Reinforcement Learning: A Case Study on Source Term Estimationcited by 4
  10. 2025EvoCurr: Self-evolving Curriculum with Behavior Code Generation for Complex Decision-makingcited by 3
  11. 2025Adaptively Coordinating with Novel Partners via Learned Latent Strategiescited by 3
  12. 2025Who is Helping Whom? Analyzing Inter-dependencies to Evaluate Cooperation in Human-AI Teamingcited by 2
11 more
  1. 2026Training Generalizable Collaborative Agents via Strategic Risk Aversioncited by 2
  2. 2025Efficient Generation of Diverse Cooperative Agents with World Modelscited by 1
  3. 2025Modeling Latent Partner Strategies for Adaptive Zero-Shot Human-Agent Collaborationcited by 1
  4. 2025Zero-Shot Coordination in Ad Hoc Teams with Generalized Policy Improvement and Difference Rewardscited by 1
  5. 2026DPBench: Structural Determinants of Multi-Agent LLM Coordination Under Simultaneous Resource Contentioncited by 1
  6. 2025AT-Drone: Benchmarking Adaptive Teaming in Multi-Drone Pursuitcited by 0
  7. 2025CooT: Learning to Coordinate In-Context with Coordination Transformerscited by 0
  8. 2026MOSAIC: A Universal Agent-Level Interface for Cross-Paradigm Agent Mixing and Human-AI Collaborationcited by 0
  9. 2026Beyond Partner Diversity: An Influence-Based Team Steering Framework for Zero-Shot Human-Machine Teamingcited by 0
  10. 2026IB-RL: Isolated Bilateral Reinforcement Learning for Strategic Dialogue Agentscited by 0
  11. 2026JaxAHT: A JAX-Based Library for Ad Hoc Teamworkcited by 0