mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

FederatedScope-LLM: A Comprehensive Package for Fine-tuning Large Language Models in Federated Learning

arXiv 2309.00363 ↗First posted 1 Sep 2023cs.LGcited by 146

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Abstract (arXiv)

LLMs have demonstrated great capabilities in various NLP tasks. Different entities can further improve the performance of those LLMs on their specific downstream tasks by fine-tuning LLMs. When several entities have similar interested tasks, but their data cannot be shared because of privacy concerns regulations, federated learning (FL) is a mainstream solution to leverage the data of different entities. However, fine-tuning LLMs in federated learning settings still lacks adequate support from existing FL frameworks because it has to deal with optimizing the consumption of significant communication and computational resources, data preparation for different tasks, and distinct information protection demands. This paper first discusses these challenges of federated fine-tuning LLMs, and introduces our package FS-LLM as a main contribution, which consists of the following components: (1) we build an end-to-end benchmarking pipeline, automizing the processes of dataset preprocessing, federated fine-tuning execution, and performance evaluation on federated LLM fine-tuning; (2) we provide comprehensive federated parameter-efficient fine-tuning algorithm implementations and versatile programming interfaces for future extension in FL scenarios with low communication and computation costs, even without accessing the full model; (3) we adopt several accelerating and resource-efficient operators for fine-tuning LLMs with limited resources and the flexible pluggable sub-routines for interdisciplinary study. We conduct extensive experiments to validate the effectiveness of FS-LLM and benchmark advanced LLMs with state-of-the-art parameter-efficient fine-tuning algorithms in FL settings, which also yields valuable insights into federated fine-tuning LLMs for the research community. To facilitate further research and adoption, we release FS-LLM at https://github.com/alibaba/FederatedScope/tree/llm.

Key facts. Cited by 146 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 72 of its 100 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Sep 2023.

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72 of 100 references.

References · 72

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 11; 2024: 53; 2025: 53; 2026: 29.

146 papers.

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  1. 2023A Survey on Large Language Model (LLM) Security and Privacy: The Good, the Bad, and the Uglycited by 380
  2. 2024Improving LoRA in Privacy-preserving Federated Learningcited by 158
  3. 2024Mobile Edge Intelligence for Large Language Models: A Contemporary Surveycited by 125
  4. 2024OpenFedLLM: Training Large Language Models on Decentralized Private Data via Federated Learningcited by 124
  5. 2024Federated Fine-tuning of Large Language Models under Heterogeneous Tasks and Client Resourcescited by 93
  6. 2024A Survey of Resource-efficient LLM and Multimodal Foundation Modelscited by 84
  7. 2024Selective Aggregation for Low-Rank Adaptation in Federated Learningcited by 80
  8. 2024FedBiOT: LLM Local Fine-tuning in Federated Learning without Full Modelcited by 73
  9. 2024SplitLoRA: A Split Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning Framework for Large Language Modelscited by 60
  10. 2023Federated Full-Parameter Tuning of Billion-Sized Language Models with Communication Cost under 18 Kilobytescited by 55
  11. 2024Dual-Personalizing Adapter for Federated Foundation Modelscited by 54
  12. 2025A Survey on Personalized Alignment -- The Missing Piece for Large Language Models in Real-World Applicationscited by 40
38 more
  1. 2024LoRA-FAIR: Federated LoRA Fine-Tuning with Aggregation and Initialization Refinementcited by 37
  2. 2024Advances and Open Challenges in Federated Foundation Modelscited by 33
  3. 2024The Future of Large Language Model Pre-training is Federatedcited by 30
  4. 2024A Survey on Efficient Federated Learning Methods for Foundation Model Trainingcited by 29
  5. 2024Time-FFM: Towards LM-Empowered Federated Foundation Model for Time Series Forecastingcited by 26
  6. 2024FedLLM-Bench: Realistic Benchmarks for Federated Learning of Large Language Modelscited by 26
  7. 2023Grounding Foundation Models through Federated Transfer Learning: A General Frameworkcited by 24
  8. 2024Deconstructing The Ethics of Large Language Models from Long-standing Issues to New-emerging Dilemmas: A Surveycited by 23
  9. 2024Federated Large Language Models: Current Progress and Future Directionscited by 22
  10. 2024Advances in APPFL: A Comprehensive and Extensible Federated Learning Frameworkcited by 19
  11. 2023From Google Gemini to OpenAI Q* (Q-Star): A Survey of Reshaping the Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Landscapecited by 18
  12. 2024On the Convergence of Zeroth-Order Federated Tuning for Large Language Modelscited by 18
  13. 2024Emerging Safety Attack and Defense in Federated Instruction Tuning of Large Language Modelscited by 18
  14. 2024FedEx-LoRA: Exact Aggregation for Federated and Efficient Fine-Tuning of Foundation Modelscited by 18
  15. 2024FedPFT: Federated Proxy Fine-Tuning of Foundation Modelscited by 16
  16. 2024A Survey on Large Language Models from General Purpose to Medical Applications: Datasets, Methodologies, and Evaluationscited by 16
  17. 2024Synergizing Foundation Models and Federated Learning: A Surveycited by 14
  18. 2025Can Textual Gradient Work in Federated Learning?cited by 14
  19. 2025PluralLLM: Pluralistic Alignment in LLMs via Federated Learningcited by 14
  20. 2025FedALT: Federated Fine-Tuning through Adaptive Local Training with Rest-of-World LoRAcited by 13
  21. 2024Randomized Asymmetric Chain of LoRA: The First Meaningful Theoretical Framework for Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 12
  22. 2025Decentralized Low-Rank Fine-Tuning of Large Language Modelscited by 12
  23. 2024Towards Federated RLHF with Aggregated Client Preference for LLMscited by 11
  24. 2025FlowerTune: A Cross-Domain Benchmark for Federated Fine-Tuning of Large Language Modelscited by 11
  25. 2023Tunable Soft Prompts are Messengers in Federated Learningcited by 10
  26. 2024Personalized Federated Fine-Tuning for LLMs via Data-Driven Heterogeneous Model Architecturescited by 10
  27. 2025Fed-SB: A Silver Bullet for Extreme Communication Efficiency and Performance in (Private) Federated LoRA Fine-Tuningcited by 10
  28. 2023ZooPFL: Exploring Black-box Foundation Models for Personalized Federated Learningcited by 9
  29. 2024Federated Data-Efficient Instruction Tuning for Large Language Modelscited by 9
  30. 2025Federated Low-Rank Adaptation for Foundation Models: A Surveycited by 9
  31. 2026Can LLMs Clean Up Your Mess? A Survey of Application-Ready Data Preparation with LLMscited by 9
  32. 2023Generative AI in the Construction Industry: Opportunities & Challengescited by 8
  33. 2024A Fast, Performant, Secure Distributed Training Framework For Large Language Modelcited by 8
  34. 2024pfl-research: simulation framework for accelerating research in Private Federated Learningcited by 8
  35. 2024Casper: Prompt Sanitization for Protecting User Privacy in Web-Based Large Language Modelscited by 8
  36. 2026FedRot-LoRA: Mitigating Rotational Misalignment in Federated LoRAcited by 8
  37. 2024FedMLLM: Federated Fine-tuning MLLM on Multimodal Heterogeneity Datacited by 7
  38. 2025Federated In-Context Learning: Iterative Refinement for Improved Answer Qualitycited by 7

50 most cited of 146 All 146 (JSON)