Comparison of Point Cloud and Image-based Models for Calorimeter Fast Simulation
On the map: Diffusion models → Flow matching, time series and science
Abstract (arXiv)
Score based generative models are a new class of generative models that have been shown to accurately generate high dimensional calorimeter datasets. Recent advances in generative models have used images with 3D voxels to represent and model complex calorimeter showers. Point clouds, however, are likely a more natural representation of calorimeter showers, particularly in calorimeters with high granularity. Point clouds preserve all of the information of the original simulation, more naturally deal with sparse datasets, and can be implemented with more compact models and data files. In this work, two state-of-the-art score based models are trained on the same set of calorimeter simulation and directly compared.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Flow matching, time series and science, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 25 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Jul 2023.
Builds on
25 of 67 references.
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Other references · 24
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,655
- 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
- 2022Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,603
- 2015Variational Inference with Normalizing Flowscited by 2,161
- 2017Deep Setscited by 1,394
- 2020NVAE: A Deep Hierarchical Variational Autoencodercited by 635
- 2020Very Deep VAEs Generalize Autoregressive Models and Can Outperform Them on Imagescited by 261
- 2017CaloGAN: Simulating 3D High Energy Particle Showers in Multi-Layer Electromagnetic Calorimeters with Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 78
- 2017Accelerating Science with Generative Adversarial Networks: An Application to 3D Particle Showers in Multi-Layer Calorimeterscited by 55
- 2021CaloFlow: Fast and Accurate Generation of Calorimeter Showers with Normalizing Flowscited by 46
12 more
- 2021Particle Cloud Generation with Message Passing Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 45
- 2019Calorimetry with Deep Learning: Particle Simulation and Reconstruction for Collider Physicscited by 42
- 2021CaloFlow II: Even Faster and Still Accurate Generation of Calorimeter Showers with Normalizing Flowscited by 34
- 2023CaloClouds: Fast Geometry-Independent Highly-Granular Calorimeter Simulationcited by 33
- 2022CaloMan: Fast generation of calorimeter showers with density estimation on learned manifoldscited by 28
- 2023PC-JeDi: Diffusion for Particle Cloud Generation in High Energy Physicscited by 27
- 2018Generative Models for Fast Calorimeter Simulation.LHCb casecited by 25
- 2017Controlling Physical Attributes in GAN-Accelerated Simulation of Electromagnetic Calorimeterscited by 23
- 2023EPiC-GAN: Equivariant Point Cloud Generation for Particle Jetscited by 23
- 2023Inductive Simulation of Calorimeter Showers with Normalizing Flowscited by 22
- 2022CaloFlow for CaloChallenge Dataset 1cited by 14
- 2023Generalizing to new geometries with Geometry-Aware Autoregressive Models (GAAMs) for fast calorimeter simulationcited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 7; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.
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- 2023CaloClouds II: Ultra-Fast Geometry-Independent Highly-Granular Calorimeter Simulationcited by 20
- 2023Deep Generative Models for Detector Signature Simulation: A Taxonomic Reviewcited by 18
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- 2025OmniJet-αC: Learning point cloud calorimeter simulations using generative transformerscited by 14
- 2024Convolutional L2LFlows: Generating Accurate Showers in Highly Granular Calorimeters Using Convolutional Normalizing Flowscited by 13
- 2023PC-Droid: Faster diffusion and improved quality for particle cloud generationcited by 8
- 2025CaloHadronic: a diffusion model for the generation of hadronic showerscited by 8
- 2023Calorimeter shower superresolutioncited by 7
- 2023Flow Matching Beyond Kinematics: Generating Jets with Particle-ID and Trajectory Displacement Informationcited by 7
- 2024A Comprehensive Evaluation of Generative Models in Calorimeter Shower Simulationcited by 5
- 2026AllShowers: One model for all calorimeter showerscited by 3
- 2025A First Full Physics Benchmark for Highly Granular Calorimeter Surrogatescited by 2
4 more
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- 2026CaloTrilogy: Toward a Breakthrough in One-Step, End-to-End, Physics-Guided Shower Generation for Modern Calorimeterscited by 1
- 2026CaloTrilogy: Toward a Breakthrough in One-Step, End-to-End, Physics-Guided Shower Generation for Modern Calorimeters2 Jun 2026
- 2026Generative Models and Statistical Validation28 May 2026
- 2026AllShowers: One model for all calorimeter showers16 Jan 2026
- 2025A First Full Physics Benchmark for Highly Granular Calorimeter Surrogates21 Nov 2025
- 2025CaloHadronic: a diffusion model for the generation of hadronic showers26 Jun 2025
- 2025OmniJet-αC: Learning point cloud calorimeter simulations using generative transformers9 Jan 2025
- 2024Variational inference for pile-up removal at hadron colliders with diffusion models29 Oct 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Evaluation of Generative Models in Calorimeter Shower Simulation8 Jun 2024
- 2024Convolutional L2LFlows: Generating Accurate Showers in Highly Granular Calorimeters Using Convolutional Normalizing Flows30 May 2024
- 2023Deep Generative Models for Detector Signature Simulation: A Taxonomic Review15 Dec 2023
- 2023Flow Matching Beyond Kinematics: Generating Jets with Particle-ID and Trajectory Displacement Information30 Nov 2023
- 2023The Optimal use of Segmentation for Sampling Calorimeters2 Oct 2023
4 more
- 2023EPiC-ly Fast Particle Cloud Generation with Flow-Matching and Diffusion29 Sep 2023
- 2023CaloClouds II: Ultra-Fast Geometry-Independent Highly-Granular Calorimeter Simulation11 Sep 2023
- 2023Calorimeter shower superresolution22 Aug 2023
- 2023PC-Droid: Faster diffusion and improved quality for particle cloud generation13 Jul 2023
- 2023EPiC-ly Fast Particle Cloud Generation with Flow-Matching and Diffusioncited by 17
- 2023PC-Droid: Faster diffusion and improved quality for particle cloud generationcited by 8
- 2025CaloHadronic: a diffusion model for the generation of hadronic showerscited by 8
- 2023Flow Matching Beyond Kinematics: Generating Jets with Particle-ID and Trajectory Displacement Informationcited by 7
- 2024Variational inference for pile-up removal at hadron colliders with diffusion modelscited by 1
- 2026CaloTrilogy: Toward a Breakthrough in One-Step, End-to-End, Physics-Guided Shower Generation for Modern Calorimeterscited by 1
- 2026CaloTrilogy: Toward a Breakthrough in One-Step, End-to-End, Physics-Guided Shower Generation for Modern Calorimeters2 Jun 2026
- 2025CaloHadronic: a diffusion model for the generation of hadronic showers26 Jun 2025
- 2024Variational inference for pile-up removal at hadron colliders with diffusion models29 Oct 2024
- 2023Flow Matching Beyond Kinematics: Generating Jets with Particle-ID and Trajectory Displacement Information30 Nov 2023
- 2023EPiC-ly Fast Particle Cloud Generation with Flow-Matching and Diffusion29 Sep 2023
- 2023PC-Droid: Faster diffusion and improved quality for particle cloud generation13 Jul 2023
- 2023CaloClouds II: Ultra-Fast Geometry-Independent Highly-Granular Calorimeter Simulationcited by 20
- 2023Deep Generative Models for Detector Signature Simulation: A Taxonomic Reviewcited by 18
- 2025OmniJet-αC: Learning point cloud calorimeter simulations using generative transformerscited by 14
- 2024Convolutional L2LFlows: Generating Accurate Showers in Highly Granular Calorimeters Using Convolutional Normalizing Flowscited by 13
- 2023Calorimeter shower superresolutioncited by 7
- 2024A Comprehensive Evaluation of Generative Models in Calorimeter Shower Simulationcited by 5
- 2026AllShowers: One model for all calorimeter showerscited by 3
- 2025A First Full Physics Benchmark for Highly Granular Calorimeter Surrogatescited by 2
- 2026Generative Models and Statistical Validationcited by 2
- 2023The Optimal use of Segmentation for Sampling Calorimeterscited by 1
- 2026Generative Models and Statistical Validation28 May 2026
- 2026AllShowers: One model for all calorimeter showers16 Jan 2026
- 2025A First Full Physics Benchmark for Highly Granular Calorimeter Surrogates21 Nov 2025
- 2025OmniJet-αC: Learning point cloud calorimeter simulations using generative transformers9 Jan 2025
- 2024A Comprehensive Evaluation of Generative Models in Calorimeter Shower Simulation8 Jun 2024
- 2024Convolutional L2LFlows: Generating Accurate Showers in Highly Granular Calorimeters Using Convolutional Normalizing Flows30 May 2024
- 2023Deep Generative Models for Detector Signature Simulation: A Taxonomic Review15 Dec 2023
- 2023The Optimal use of Segmentation for Sampling Calorimeters2 Oct 2023
- 2023CaloClouds II: Ultra-Fast Geometry-Independent Highly-Granular Calorimeter Simulation11 Sep 2023
- 2023Calorimeter shower superresolution22 Aug 2023
Similar, not cited
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- 2024CaloChallenge 2022: A Community Challenge for Fast Calorimeter Simulation
- 2025Efficiently Generating Multidimensional Calorimeter Data with Tensor Decomposition Parameterization
- 2023Micro-Macro Consistency in Multiscale Modeling: Score-Based Model Assisted Sampling of Fast/Slow Dynamical Systems
- 2022Score-Based Generative Models for Molecule Generation
- 2024Applying generative neural networks for fast simulations of the ALICE (CERN) experiment
- 2025MFM-point: Multi-scale Flow Matching for Point Cloud Generation
- 2026Generalizable Foundation Models for Calorimetry via Mixtures-of-Experts and Parameter Efficient Fine Tuning
- 2026A Diffusive Classification Loss for Learning Energy-based Generative Models