mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Comparison of Point Cloud and Image-based Models for Calorimeter Fast Simulation

arXiv 2307.04780 ↗First posted 10 Jul 2023cs.LG hep-ex hep-phcited by 16

On the map: Diffusion models → Flow matching, time series and science

Abstract (arXiv)

Score based generative models are a new class of generative models that have been shown to accurately generate high dimensional calorimeter datasets. Recent advances in generative models have used images with 3D voxels to represent and model complex calorimeter showers. Point clouds, however, are likely a more natural representation of calorimeter showers, particularly in calorimeters with high granularity. Point clouds preserve all of the information of the original simulation, more naturally deal with sparse datasets, and can be implemented with more compact models and data files. In this work, two state-of-the-art score based models are trained on the same set of calorimeter simulation and directly compared.

Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Flow matching, time series and science, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 25 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Jul 2023.

Builds on

25 of 67 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2022Score-based Generative Models for Calorimeter Shower Simulation17 Jun

Other references · 24

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  3. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,655
  4. 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
  5. 2022Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,603
  6. 2015Variational Inference with Normalizing Flowscited by 2,161
  7. 2017Deep Setscited by 1,394
  8. 2020NVAE: A Deep Hierarchical Variational Autoencodercited by 635
  9. 2020Very Deep VAEs Generalize Autoregressive Models and Can Outperform Them on Imagescited by 261
  10. 2017CaloGAN: Simulating 3D High Energy Particle Showers in Multi-Layer Electromagnetic Calorimeters with Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 78
  11. 2017Accelerating Science with Generative Adversarial Networks: An Application to 3D Particle Showers in Multi-Layer Calorimeterscited by 55
  12. 2021CaloFlow: Fast and Accurate Generation of Calorimeter Showers with Normalizing Flowscited by 46
12 more
  1. 2021Particle Cloud Generation with Message Passing Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 45
  2. 2019Calorimetry with Deep Learning: Particle Simulation and Reconstruction for Collider Physicscited by 42
  3. 2021CaloFlow II: Even Faster and Still Accurate Generation of Calorimeter Showers with Normalizing Flowscited by 34
  4. 2023CaloClouds: Fast Geometry-Independent Highly-Granular Calorimeter Simulationcited by 33
  5. 2022CaloMan: Fast generation of calorimeter showers with density estimation on learned manifoldscited by 28
  6. 2023PC-JeDi: Diffusion for Particle Cloud Generation in High Energy Physicscited by 27
  7. 2018Generative Models for Fast Calorimeter Simulation.LHCb casecited by 25
  8. 2017Controlling Physical Attributes in GAN-Accelerated Simulation of Electromagnetic Calorimeterscited by 23
  9. 2023EPiC-GAN: Equivariant Point Cloud Generation for Particle Jetscited by 23
  10. 2023Inductive Simulation of Calorimeter Showers with Normalizing Flowscited by 22
  11. 2022CaloFlow for CaloChallenge Dataset 1cited by 14
  12. 2023Generalizing to new geometries with Geometry-Aware Autoregressive Models (GAAMs) for fast calorimeter simulationcited by 5

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Citing papers per year: 2023: 7; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.

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  1. 2024CaloChallenge 2022: A Community Challenge for Fast Calorimeter Simulation
  2. 2025Efficiently Generating Multidimensional Calorimeter Data with Tensor Decomposition Parameterization
  3. 2023Micro-Macro Consistency in Multiscale Modeling: Score-Based Model Assisted Sampling of Fast/Slow Dynamical Systems
  4. 2022Score-Based Generative Models for Molecule Generation
  5. 2024Applying generative neural networks for fast simulations of the ALICE (CERN) experiment
  6. 2025MFM-point: Multi-scale Flow Matching for Point Cloud Generation
  7. 2026Generalizable Foundation Models for Calorimetry via Mixtures-of-Experts and Parameter Efficient Fine Tuning
  8. 2026A Diffusive Classification Loss for Learning Energy-based Generative Models