mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

CaloFlow II: Even Faster and Still Accurate Generation of Calorimeter Showers with Normalizing Flows

arXiv 2110.11377 ↗First posted 21 Oct 2021physics.ins-det cs.LG hep-excited by 34

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recently, we introduced CaloFlow, a high-fidelity generative model for GEANT4 calorimeter shower emulation based on normalizing flows. Here, we present CaloFlow v2, an improvement on our original framework that speeds up shower generation by a further factor of 500 relative to the original. The improvement is based on a technique called Probability Density Distillation, originally developed for speech synthesis in the ML literature, and which we develop further by introducing a set of powerful new loss terms. We demonstrate that CaloFlow v2 preserves the same high fidelity of the original using qualitative (average images, histograms of high level features) and quantitative (classifier metric between GEANT4 and generated samples) measures. The result is a generative model for calorimeter showers that matches the state-of-the-art in speed (a factor of 104 faster than GEANT4) and greatly surpasses the previous state-of-the-art in fidelity.

Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Oct 2021.

Builds on

18 of 46 references.

References · 18

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  2. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
  3. 2017On Calibration of Modern Neural Networkscited by 4,960
  4. 2019Normalizing Flows for Probabilistic Modeling and Inferencecited by 1,323
  5. 2017Masked Autoregressive Flow for Density Estimationcited by 684
  6. 2016Improving Variational Inference with Inverse Autoregressive Flowcited by 640
  7. 2019Neural Spline Flowscited by 596
  8. 2015MADE: Masked Autoencoder for Distribution Estimationcited by 307
  9. 2017Parallel WaveNet: Fast High-Fidelity Speech Synthesiscited by 215
  10. 2017CaloGAN: Simulating 3D High Energy Particle Showers in Multi-Layer Electromagnetic Calorimeters with Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 78
  11. 2018ClariNet: Parallel Wave Generation in End-to-End Text-to-Speechcited by 70
  12. 2017Accelerating Science with Generative Adversarial Networks: An Application to 3D Particle Showers in Multi-Layer Calorimeterscited by 55
6 more
  1. 2021CaloFlow: Fast and Accurate Generation of Calorimeter Showers with Normalizing Flowscited by 46
  2. 2019Calorimetry with Deep Learning: Particle Simulation and Reconstruction for Collider Physicscited by 42
  3. 2017Controlling Physical Attributes in GAN-Accelerated Simulation of Electromagnetic Calorimeterscited by 23
  4. 2020DCTRGAN: Improving the Precision of Generative Models with Reweightingcited by 22
  5. 2019Probability density distillation with generative adversarial networks for high-quality parallel waveform generationcited by 14
  6. 2021Distilling the Knowledge from Conditional Normalizing Flowscited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 15; 2024: 7; 2025: 4; 2026: 4.

34 papers.

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  1. 2023CaloClouds: Fast Geometry-Independent Highly-Granular Calorimeter Simulationcited by 33
  2. 2022CaloMan: Fast generation of calorimeter showers with density estimation on learned manifoldscited by 28
  3. 2023PC-JeDi: Diffusion for Particle Cloud Generation in High Energy Physicscited by 27
  4. 2023Ultra-High-Resolution Detector Simulation with Intra-Event Aware GAN and Self-Supervised Relational Reasoningcited by 25
  5. 2023EPiC-GAN: Equivariant Point Cloud Generation for Particle Jetscited by 23
  6. 2023Inductive Simulation of Calorimeter Showers with Normalizing Flowscited by 22
  7. 2023CaloClouds II: Ultra-Fast Geometry-Independent Highly-Granular Calorimeter Simulationcited by 20
  8. 2023Deep Generative Models for Detector Signature Simulation: A Taxonomic Reviewcited by 18
  9. 2023EPiC-ly Fast Particle Cloud Generation with Flow-Matching and Diffusioncited by 17
  10. 2022New directions for surrogate models and differentiable programming for High Energy Physics detector simulationcited by 16
  11. 2023Comparison of Point Cloud and Image-based Models for Calorimeter Fast Simulationcited by 16
  12. 2024Calo-VQ: Vector-Quantized Two-Stage Generative Model in Calorimeter Simulationcited by 15
22 more
  1. 2022CaloFlow for CaloChallenge Dataset 1cited by 14
  2. 2023High-dimensional and Permutation Invariant Anomaly Detectioncited by 12
  3. 2022nu-Flows: Conditional Neutrino Regressioncited by 11
  4. 2023PC-Droid: Faster diffusion and improved quality for particle cloud generationcited by 8
  5. 2024Unifying Simulation and Inference with Normalizing Flowscited by 6
  6. 2024PIPPIN: Generating variable length full events from partonscited by 6
  7. 2023Comparison of Affine and Rational Quadratic Spline Coupling and Autoregressive Flows through Robust Statistical Testscited by 5
  8. 2023ELSA -- Enhanced latent spaces for improved collider simulationscited by 5
  9. 2023Generalizing to new geometries with Geometry-Aware Autoregressive Models (GAAMs) for fast calorimeter simulationcited by 5
  10. 2024A Comprehensive Evaluation of Generative Models in Calorimeter Shower Simulationcited by 5
  11. 2024Scaling Up Diffusion and Flow-based XGBoost Modelscited by 5
  12. 2024BUFF: Boosted Decision Tree based Ultra-Fast Flow matchingcited by 3
  13. 2025Forecasting Generative Amplificationcited by 3
  14. 2025ColliderML: The First Release of an OpenDataDetector High-Luminosity Physics Benchmark Datasetcited by 3
  15. 2026Generalizable Foundation Models for Calorimetry via Mixtures-of-Experts and Parameter Efficient Fine Tuningcited by 3
  16. 2024Extrapolating Jet Radiation with Autoregressive Transformerscited by 2
  17. 2025Even Faster Simulations with Flow Matching: A Study of Zero Degree Calorimeter Responsescited by 2
  18. 2025BitHEP -- The Limits of Low-Precision ML in HEPcited by 1
  19. 2026CaloTrilogy: Toward a Breakthrough in One-Step, End-to-End, Physics-Guided Shower Generation for Modern Calorimeterscited by 1
  20. 2023High-precision regressors for particle physicscited by 0
  21. 2026GPT-Based Fast Simulation of CLAS12 Detector Hits via Conditional Autoregressive Generationcited by 0
  22. 2026Lantern: Conflict-Aware Gradient Blending for Physics-Guided Diffusion Models in Calorimeter Simulationcited by 0