mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

CaloFlow for CaloChallenge Dataset 1

arXiv 2210.14245 ↗First posted 25 Oct 2022physics.ins-det cs.LG hep-excited by 14

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Abstract (arXiv)

CaloFlow is a new and promising approach to fast calorimeter simulation based on normalizing flows. Applying CaloFlow to the photon and charged pion Geant4 showers of Dataset 1 of the Fast Calorimeter Simulation Challenge 2022, we show how it can produce high-fidelity samples with a sampling time that is several orders of magnitude faster than Geant4. We demonstrate the fidelity of the samples using calorimeter shower images, histograms of high-level features, and aggregate metrics such as a classifier trained to distinguish CaloFlow from Geant4 samples.

Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Oct 2022.

Builds on

23 of 65 references.

References · 23

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  2. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
  3. 2017On Calibration of Modern Neural Networkscited by 4,960
  4. 2015Variational Inference with Normalizing Flowscited by 2,170
  5. 2019Normalizing Flows for Probabilistic Modeling and Inferencecited by 1,323
  6. 2017Masked Autoregressive Flow for Density Estimationcited by 684
  7. 2016Improving Variational Inference with Inverse Autoregressive Flowcited by 640
  8. 2015Cyclical Learning Rates for Training Neural Networkscited by 629
  9. 2019Neural Spline Flowscited by 596
  10. 2015MADE: Masked Autoencoder for Distribution Estimationcited by 307
  11. 2017Parallel WaveNet: Fast High-Fidelity Speech Synthesiscited by 215
  12. 2017CaloGAN: Simulating 3D High Energy Particle Showers in Multi-Layer Electromagnetic Calorimeters with Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 78
11 more
  1. 2017Accelerating Science with Generative Adversarial Networks: An Application to 3D Particle Showers in Multi-Layer Calorimeterscited by 55
  2. 2022Score-based Generative Models for Calorimeter Shower Simulationcited by 52
  3. 2021CaloFlow: Fast and Accurate Generation of Calorimeter Showers with Normalizing Flowscited by 46
  4. 2019Calorimetry with Deep Learning: Particle Simulation and Reconstruction for Collider Physicscited by 42
  5. 2021CaloFlow II: Even Faster and Still Accurate Generation of Calorimeter Showers with Normalizing Flowscited by 34
  6. 2020i-flow: High-dimensional Integration and Sampling with Normalizing Flowscited by 26
  7. 2017Controlling Physical Attributes in GAN-Accelerated Simulation of Electromagnetic Calorimeterscited by 23
  8. 2021Generative Networks for Precision Enthusiastscited by 21
  9. 2021Understanding Event-Generation Networks via Uncertaintiescited by 17
  10. 2022nu-Flows: Conditional Neutrino Regressioncited by 11
  11. 2021Isomorphism Properties of Optimality and Equilibrium Solutions under Equivalent Information Structure Transformations I: Stochastic Dynamic Teamscited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 3; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.

14 papers.

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  1. 2023CaloClouds II: Ultra-Fast Geometry-Independent Highly-Granular Calorimeter Simulationcited by 20
  2. 2023Deep Generative Models for Detector Signature Simulation: A Taxonomic Reviewcited by 18
  3. 2023EPiC-ly Fast Particle Cloud Generation with Flow-Matching and Diffusioncited by 17
  4. 2023Comparison of Point Cloud and Image-based Models for Calorimeter Fast Simulationcited by 16
  5. 2025OmniJet-αC: Learning point cloud calorimeter simulations using generative transformerscited by 14
  6. 2024Convolutional L2LFlows: Generating Accurate Showers in Highly Granular Calorimeters Using Convolutional Normalizing Flowscited by 13
  7. 2023PC-Droid: Faster diffusion and improved quality for particle cloud generationcited by 8
  8. 2025CaloHadronic: a diffusion model for the generation of hadronic showerscited by 8
  9. 2024Unifying Simulation and Inference with Normalizing Flowscited by 6
  10. 2024A Comprehensive Evaluation of Generative Models in Calorimeter Shower Simulationcited by 5
  11. 2026AllShowers: One model for all calorimeter showerscited by 3
  12. 2025A First Full Physics Benchmark for Highly Granular Calorimeter Surrogatescited by 2
2 more
  1. 2025BitHEP -- The Limits of Low-Precision ML in HEPcited by 1
  2. 2026CaloTrilogy: Toward a Breakthrough in One-Step, End-to-End, Physics-Guided Shower Generation for Modern Calorimeterscited by 1