Score-Based Generative Models for Molecule Generation
On the map: Diffusion models → Diffusion foundations and sampling
Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advances in generative models have made exploring design spaces easier for de novo molecule generation. However, popular generative models like GANs and normalizing flows face challenges such as training instabilities due to adversarial training and architectural constraints, respectively. Score-based generative models sidestep these challenges by modelling the gradient of the log probability density using a score function approximation, as opposed to modelling the density function directly, and sampling from it using annealed Langevin Dynamics. We believe that score-based generative models could open up new opportunities in molecule generation due to their architectural flexibility, such as replacing the score function with an SE(3) equivariant model. In this work, we lay the foundations by testing the efficacy of score-based models for molecule generation. We train a Transformer-based score function on Self-Referencing Embedded Strings (SELFIES) representations of 1.5 million samples from the ZINC dataset and use the Moses benchmarking framework to evaluate the generated samples on a suite of metrics.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Diffusion foundations and sampling, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 15 of its 21 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Mar 2022.
Builds on
15 of 21 references.
Closest ancestors · 2
Same direction, newest first
- 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesis11 May
- 2020Improved Techniques for Training Score-Based Generative Models16 Jun
Other references · 13
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
- 2022Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,627
- 2019Generative Modeling by Estimating Gradients of the Data Distributioncited by 4,101
- 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 4,053
- 2020DiffWave: A Versatile Diffusion Model for Audio Synthesiscited by 1,354
- 2018Junction Tree Variational Autoencoder for Molecular Graph Generationcited by 652
- 2020WaveGrad: Estimating Gradients for Waveform Generationcited by 622
- 2018Molecular Sets (MOSES): A Benchmarking Platform for Molecular Generation Modelscited by 275
- 2020Permutation Invariant Graph Generation via Score-Based Generative Modelingcited by 270
- 2016A Kernelized Stein Discrepancy for Goodness-of-fit Tests and Model Evaluationcited by 236
- 2019GraphNVP: An Invertible Flow Model for Generating Molecular Graphscited by 116
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 4; 2024: 0; 2025: 2.
10 papers.
- 2022Improved Analysis of Score-based Generative Modeling: User-Friendly Bounds under Minimal Smoothness Assumptionscited by 219
- 2023The probability flow ODE is provably fastcited by 146
- 2022SE(3)-DiffusionFields: Learning smooth cost functions for joint grasp and motion optimization through diffusioncited by 127
- 2022Diffusion-based Molecule Generation with Informative Prior Bridgescited by 106
- 2023Conditional score-based diffusion models for Bayesian inference in infinite dimensionscited by 38
- 2022Probabilistic Generative Transformer Language models for Generative Design of Moleculescited by 8
- 2023Multi-Resolution Diffusion for Privacy-Sensitive Recommender Systemscited by 4
- 2023Micro-Macro Consistency in Multiscale Modeling: Score-Based Model Assisted Sampling of Fast/Slow Dynamical Systemscited by 4
- 2025A Non-Asymptotic Convergent Analysis for Scored-Based Graph Generative Model via a System of Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 3
- 2025Energy-Based Models for Predicting Mutational Effects on Proteinscited by 0
- 2025A Non-Asymptotic Convergent Analysis for Scored-Based Graph Generative Model via a System of Stochastic Differential Equations20 Aug 2025
- 2025Energy-Based Models for Predicting Mutational Effects on Proteins14 Aug 2025
- 2023Micro-Macro Consistency in Multiscale Modeling: Score-Based Model Assisted Sampling of Fast/Slow Dynamical Systems10 Dec 2023
- 2023Multi-Resolution Diffusion for Privacy-Sensitive Recommender Systems6 Nov 2023
- 2023Conditional score-based diffusion models for Bayesian inference in infinite dimensions28 May 2023
- 2023The probability flow ODE is provably fast19 May 2023
- 2022Improved Analysis of Score-based Generative Modeling: User-Friendly Bounds under Minimal Smoothness Assumptions3 Nov 2022
- 2022Probabilistic Generative Transformer Language models for Generative Design of Molecules20 Sep 2022
- 2022SE(3)-DiffusionFields: Learning smooth cost functions for joint grasp and motion optimization through diffusion8 Sep 2022
- 2022Diffusion-based Molecule Generation with Informative Prior Bridges2 Sep 2022
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026A Systematic Evaluation of Molecule Generation Models for De Novo Drug Design: From Benchmarks to Practical Insights
- 2025From In Silico to In Vitro: Evaluating Molecule Generative Models for Hit Generation
- 2024Zero Shot Molecular Generation via Similarity Kernels
- 2023Using Intermediate Forward Iterates for Intermediate Generator Optimization
- 2024An analysis of the noise schedule for score-based generative models
- 2023Score Mismatching for Generative Modeling
- 2025Equivariant Neural Diffusion for Molecule Generation
- 2024When Molecular GAN Meets Byte-Pair Encoding