mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Score-Based Generative Models for Molecule Generation

arXiv 2203.04698 ↗First posted 7 Mar 2022cs.LG q-bio.QMcited by 10

On the map: Diffusion models → Diffusion foundations and sampling

Abstract (arXiv)

Recent advances in generative models have made exploring design spaces easier for de novo molecule generation. However, popular generative models like GANs and normalizing flows face challenges such as training instabilities due to adversarial training and architectural constraints, respectively. Score-based generative models sidestep these challenges by modelling the gradient of the log probability density using a score function approximation, as opposed to modelling the density function directly, and sampling from it using annealed Langevin Dynamics. We believe that score-based generative models could open up new opportunities in molecule generation due to their architectural flexibility, such as replacing the score function with an SE(3) equivariant model. In this work, we lay the foundations by testing the efficacy of score-based models for molecule generation. We train a Transformer-based score function on Self-Referencing Embedded Strings (SELFIES) representations of 1.5 million samples from the ZINC dataset and use the Moses benchmarking framework to evaluate the generated samples on a suite of metrics.

Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Diffusion foundations and sampling, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 15 of its 21 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Mar 2022.

Builds on

15 of 21 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesis11 May
  2. 2020Improved Techniques for Training Score-Based Generative Models16 Jun

Other references · 13

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  3. 2022Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,627
  4. 2019Generative Modeling by Estimating Gradients of the Data Distributioncited by 4,101
  5. 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 4,053
  6. 2020DiffWave: A Versatile Diffusion Model for Audio Synthesiscited by 1,354
  7. 2018Junction Tree Variational Autoencoder for Molecular Graph Generationcited by 652
  8. 2020WaveGrad: Estimating Gradients for Waveform Generationcited by 622
  9. 2018Molecular Sets (MOSES): A Benchmarking Platform for Molecular Generation Modelscited by 275
  10. 2020Permutation Invariant Graph Generation via Score-Based Generative Modelingcited by 270
  11. 2016A Kernelized Stein Discrepancy for Goodness-of-fit Tests and Model Evaluationcited by 236
  12. 2019GraphNVP: An Invertible Flow Model for Generating Molecular Graphscited by 116
1 more
  1. 2020Combating Mode Collapse in GAN training: An Empirical Analysis using Hessian Eigenvaluescited by 27

Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 4; 2024: 0; 2025: 2.

10 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026A Systematic Evaluation of Molecule Generation Models for De Novo Drug Design: From Benchmarks to Practical Insights
  2. 2025From In Silico to In Vitro: Evaluating Molecule Generative Models for Hit Generation
  3. 2024Zero Shot Molecular Generation via Similarity Kernels
  4. 2023Using Intermediate Forward Iterates for Intermediate Generator Optimization
  5. 2024An analysis of the noise schedule for score-based generative models
  6. 2023Score Mismatching for Generative Modeling
  7. 2025Equivariant Neural Diffusion for Molecule Generation
  8. 2024When Molecular GAN Meets Byte-Pair Encoding