LLMDet: A Third Party Large Language Models Generated Text Detection Tool
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Generated texts from large language models (LLMs) are remarkably close to high-quality human-authored text, raising concerns about their potential misuse in spreading false information and academic misconduct. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a highly practical detection tool capable of accurately identifying the source of a given text. However, existing detection tools typically rely on access to LLMs and can only differentiate between machine-generated and human-authored text, failing to meet the requirements of fine-grained tracing, intermediary judgment, and rapid detection. Therefore, we propose LLMDet, a model-specific, secure, efficient, and extendable detection tool, that can source text from specific LLMs, such as GPT-2, OPT, LLaMA, and others. In LLMDet, we record the next-token probabilities of salient n-grams as features to calculate proxy perplexity for each LLM. By jointly analyzing the proxy perplexities of LLMs, we can determine the source of the generated text. Experimental results show that LLMDet yields impressive detection performance while ensuring speed and security, achieving 98.54% precision and x5.0 faster for recognizing human-authored text. Additionally, LLMDet can effortlessly extend its detection capabilities to a new open-source model. We will provide an open-source tool at https://github.com/TrustedLLM/LLMDet.
Key facts. Cited by 45 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 May 2023.
Builds on
25 of 36 references.
References · 25
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
- 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,893
- 2016SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Textcited by 4,148
- 2022BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 1,984
- 2018Don't Give Me the Details, Just the Summary! Topic-Aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Extreme Summarizationcited by 1,317
- 2023PaLM 2 Technical Reportcited by 1,162
- 2021GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infillingcited by 1,031
- 2023DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvaturecited by 726
- 2023A Watermark for Large Language Modelscited by 725
- 2019Unified Language Model Pre-training for Natural Language Understanding and Generationcited by 670
- 2019Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Modelscited by 513
- 2019GLTR: Statistical Detection and Visualization of Generated Textcited by 496
13 more
- 2023How Close is ChatGPT to Human Experts? Comparison Corpus, Evaluation, and Detectioncited by 481
- 2023Can AI-Generated Text be Reliably Detected?cited by 386
- 2020Weight Poisoning Attacks on Pre-trained Modelscited by 341
- 2020Adversarial Watermarking Transformer: Towards Tracing Text Provenance with Data Hidingcited by 130
- 2023The Science of Detecting LLM-Generated Textscited by 128
- 2020TweepFake: about Detecting Deepfake Tweetscited by 117
- 2019Real or Fake? Learning to Discriminate Machine from Human Generated Textcited by 99
- 2023On the Possibilities of AI-Generated Text Detectioncited by 88
- 2016Text Matching as Image Recognitioncited by 59
- 2022Will Large-scale Generative Models Corrupt Future Datasets?cited by 59
- 2021Frustratingly Easy Edit-based Linguistic Steganography with a Masked Language Modelcited by 30
- 2022Perplexed by Quality: A Perplexity-based Method for Adult and Harmful Content Detection in Multilingual Heterogeneous Web Datacited by 22
- 2021OPT: Omni-Perception Pre-Trainer for Cross-Modal Understanding and Generationcited by 20
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 18; 2025: 11; 2026: 14.
45 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2024RAID: A Shared Benchmark for Robust Evaluation of Machine-Generated Text Detectorscited by 163
- 2024Detecting Multimedia Generated by Large AI Models: A Surveycited by 76
- 2024WaterMax: breaking the LLM watermark detectability-robustness-quality trade-offcited by 54
- 2024Token-Specific Watermarking with Enhanced Detectability and Semantic Coherence for Large Language Modelscited by 34
- 2024Between Lines of Code: Unraveling the Distinct Patterns of Machine and Human Programmerscited by 27
- 2023AI-generated text boundary detection with RoFTcited by 20
- 2024A Survey of AI-generated Text Forensic Systems: Detection, Attribution, and Characterizationcited by 19
- 2025Almost AI, Almost Human: The Challenge of Detecting AI-Polished Writingcited by 19
- 2024Attacks on Third-Party APIs of Large Language Modelscited by 15
- 2024Detecting Machine-Generated Texts: Not Just "AI vs Humans" and Explainability is Complicatedcited by 15
- 2024Near to Mid-term Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AIcited by 13
- 2024Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AIcited by 13
33 more
- 2025Beyond Next Token Probabilities: Learnable, Fast Detection of Hallucinations and Data Contamination on LLM Output Distributionscited by 12
- 2024Does DetectGPT Fully Utilize Perturbation? Bridging Selective Perturbation to Fine-tuned Contrastive Learning Detector would be Bettercited by 11
- 2024'Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?' Who will watch the watchmen? On Detecting AI-generated peer-reviewscited by 8
- 2024SCAR: Data Selection via Style Consistency-Aware Response Ranking for Efficient Instruction-Tuning of Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2024ESPERANTO: Evaluating Synthesized Phrases to Enhance Robustness in AI Detection for Text Originationcited by 6
- 2025Large Language Model Sourcing: A Surveycited by 5
- 2024Detecting LLM-assisted writing in scientific communication: Are we there yet?cited by 4
- 2024Synthetic Lyrics Detection Across Languages and Genrescited by 4
- 2024GigaCheck: Detecting LLM-generated Content via Object-Centric Span Localizationcited by 3
- 2025Not all tokens are created equal: Perplexity Attention Weighted Networks for AI generated text detectioncited by 3
- 2025Who Writes What: Unveiling the Impact of Author Roles on AI-generated Text Detectioncited by 3
- 2025Recent Advances in Transformer and Large Language Models for UAV Applicationscited by 3
- 2025CoCoNUTS: Concentrating on Content while Neglecting Uninformative Textual Styles for AI-Generated Peer Review Detectioncited by 3
- 2025On the Detectability of LLM-Generated Text: What Exactly Is LLM-Generated Text?cited by 3
- 2025Kill two birds with one stone: generalized and robust AI-generated text detection via dynamic perturbationscited by 2
- 2025MSPL: Multi-Step Pseudo-Labeling for Open-Vocabulary Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2026Spotlights and Blindspots: Evaluating Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 2
- 2023Beyond Turing: A Comparative Analysis of Approaches for Detecting Machine-Generated Textcited by 1
- 2024Sentiment analysis and random forest to classify LLM versus human source applied to Scientific Textscited by 1
- 2026MAGA-Bench: Machine-Augment-Generated Text via Alignment Detection Benchmarkcited by 1
- 2026SearchLLM: Detecting LLM Paraphrased Text by Measuring the Similarity with Regeneration of the Candidate Source via Search Enginecited by 1
- 2026Beyond Via: Analysis and Estimation of the Impact of Large Language Models in Academic Paperscited by 1
- 2026MELD: Multi-Task Equilibrated Learning Detector for AI-Generated Textcited by 1
- 2025Self-Disguise Attack: Induce the LLM to disguise itself for AIGT detection evasioncited by 0
- 2026FNF: Functional Network Fingerprint for Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Variation is the Key: A Variation-Based Framework for LLM-Generated Text Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Multi-Level Contextual Token Relation Modeling for Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Hidden Human-Like Nature of Machine-Generated Texts: Theory and Detection Enhancementcited by 0
- 2026Inverse Turing Bench: Evaluating Language Models as Judges of Human vs. AI Dialoguecited by 0
- 2026Spectral Signatures of Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Latent Trajectory Discrimination for AI-Generated Text Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Beyond Global Scalars: Synergizing Token-Level Statistics and Deep Semantics for Adversarial AIGC Text Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Who's Behind the Text? Robust Model Authorship Attributioncited by 0
- 2026Who's Behind the Text? Robust Model Authorship Attribution14 Oct 2026
- 2026Beyond Global Scalars: Synergizing Token-Level Statistics and Deep Semantics for Adversarial AIGC Text Detection28 Aug 2026
- 2026Latent Trajectory Discrimination for AI-Generated Text Detection16 Jul 2026
- 2026Spectral Signatures of Large Language Models3 Jul 2026
- 2026Inverse Turing Bench: Evaluating Language Models as Judges of Human vs. AI Dialogue20 Jun 2026
- 2026Hidden Human-Like Nature of Machine-Generated Texts: Theory and Detection Enhancement22 May 2026
- 2026Multi-Level Contextual Token Relation Modeling for Machine-Generated Text Detection15 May 2026
- 2026MELD: Multi-Task Equilibrated Learning Detector for AI-Generated Text7 May 2026
- 2026Spotlights and Blindspots: Evaluating Machine-Generated Text Detection17 Apr 2026
- 2026Beyond Via: Analysis and Estimation of the Impact of Large Language Models in Academic Papers26 Mar 2026
- 2026FNF: Functional Network Fingerprint for Large Language Models30 Jan 2026
- 2026Variation is the Key: A Variation-Based Framework for LLM-Generated Text Detection27 Jan 2026
33 more
- 2026SearchLLM: Detecting LLM Paraphrased Text by Measuring the Similarity with Regeneration of the Candidate Source via Search Engine23 Jan 2026
- 2026MAGA-Bench: Machine-Augment-Generated Text via Alignment Detection Benchmark8 Jan 2026
- 2025On the Detectability of LLM-Generated Text: What Exactly Is LLM-Generated Text?23 Oct 2025
- 2025MSPL: Multi-Step Pseudo-Labeling for Open-Vocabulary Object Detection16 Oct 2025
- 2025Large Language Model Sourcing: A Survey11 Oct 2025
- 2025CoCoNUTS: Concentrating on Content while Neglecting Uninformative Textual Styles for AI-Generated Peer Review Detection28 Aug 2025
- 2025Self-Disguise Attack: Induce the LLM to disguise itself for AIGT detection evasion20 Aug 2025
- 2025Recent Advances in Transformer and Large Language Models for UAV Applications15 Aug 2025
- 2025Kill two birds with one stone: generalized and robust AI-generated text detection via dynamic perturbations22 Apr 2025
- 2025Beyond Next Token Probabilities: Learnable, Fast Detection of Hallucinations and Data Contamination on LLM Output Distributions18 Mar 2025
- 2025Almost AI, Almost Human: The Challenge of Detecting AI-Polished Writing21 Feb 2025
- 2025Who Writes What: Unveiling the Impact of Author Roles on AI-generated Text Detection18 Feb 2025
- 2025Not all tokens are created equal: Perplexity Attention Weighted Networks for AI generated text detection7 Jan 2025
- 2024GigaCheck: Detecting LLM-generated Content via Object-Centric Span Localization31 Oct 2024
- 2024'Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?' Who will watch the watchmen? On Detecting AI-generated peer-reviews13 Oct 2024
- 2024ESPERANTO: Evaluating Synthesized Phrases to Enhance Robustness in AI Detection for Text Origination22 Sep 2024
- 2024Detecting Machine-Generated Texts: Not Just "AI vs Humans" and Explainability is Complicated26 Jun 2024
- 2024Synthetic Lyrics Detection Across Languages and Genres21 Jun 2024
- 2024SCAR: Data Selection via Style Consistency-Aware Response Ranking for Efficient Instruction-Tuning of Large Language Models16 Jun 2024
- 2024Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AI14 May 2024
- 2024RAID: A Shared Benchmark for Robust Evaluation of Machine-Generated Text Detectors13 May 2024
- 2024Near to Mid-term Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AI25 Apr 2024
- 2024Attacks on Third-Party APIs of Large Language Models24 Apr 2024
- 2024Sentiment analysis and random forest to classify LLM versus human source applied to Scientific Texts5 Apr 2024
- 2024WaterMax: breaking the LLM watermark detectability-robustness-quality trade-off6 Mar 2024
- 2024A Survey of AI-generated Text Forensic Systems: Detection, Attribution, and Characterization2 Mar 2024
- 2024Token-Specific Watermarking with Enhanced Detectability and Semantic Coherence for Large Language Models28 Feb 2024
- 2024Does DetectGPT Fully Utilize Perturbation? Bridging Selective Perturbation to Fine-tuned Contrastive Learning Detector would be Better1 Feb 2024
- 2024Detecting LLM-assisted writing in scientific communication: Are we there yet?30 Jan 2024
- 2024Detecting Multimedia Generated by Large AI Models: A Survey22 Jan 2024
- 2024Between Lines of Code: Unraveling the Distinct Patterns of Machine and Human Programmers12 Jan 2024
- 2023Beyond Turing: A Comparative Analysis of Approaches for Detecting Machine-Generated Text21 Nov 2023
- 2023AI-generated text boundary detection with RoFT14 Nov 2023
- 2024Detecting Multimedia Generated by Large AI Models: A Surveycited by 76
- 2024Detecting Multimedia Generated by Large AI Models: A Survey22 Jan 2024
- 2024RAID: A Shared Benchmark for Robust Evaluation of Machine-Generated Text Detectorscited by 163
- 2024Between Lines of Code: Unraveling the Distinct Patterns of Machine and Human Programmerscited by 27
- 2023AI-generated text boundary detection with RoFTcited by 20
- 2024A Survey of AI-generated Text Forensic Systems: Detection, Attribution, and Characterizationcited by 19
- 2025Almost AI, Almost Human: The Challenge of Detecting AI-Polished Writingcited by 19
- 2024Attacks on Third-Party APIs of Large Language Modelscited by 15
- 2024Detecting Machine-Generated Texts: Not Just "AI vs Humans" and Explainability is Complicatedcited by 15
- 2024Near to Mid-term Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AIcited by 13
- 2024Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AIcited by 13
- 2025Beyond Next Token Probabilities: Learnable, Fast Detection of Hallucinations and Data Contamination on LLM Output Distributionscited by 12
- 2024Does DetectGPT Fully Utilize Perturbation? Bridging Selective Perturbation to Fine-tuned Contrastive Learning Detector would be Bettercited by 11
- 2024'Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?' Who will watch the watchmen? On Detecting AI-generated peer-reviewscited by 8
12 most cited of 42 All 42 (JSON)
- 2026Who's Behind the Text? Robust Model Authorship Attribution14 Oct 2026
- 2026Beyond Global Scalars: Synergizing Token-Level Statistics and Deep Semantics for Adversarial AIGC Text Detection28 Aug 2026
- 2026Latent Trajectory Discrimination for AI-Generated Text Detection16 Jul 2026
- 2026Spectral Signatures of Large Language Models3 Jul 2026
- 2026Inverse Turing Bench: Evaluating Language Models as Judges of Human vs. AI Dialogue20 Jun 2026
- 2026Hidden Human-Like Nature of Machine-Generated Texts: Theory and Detection Enhancement22 May 2026
- 2026Multi-Level Contextual Token Relation Modeling for Machine-Generated Text Detection15 May 2026
- 2026MELD: Multi-Task Equilibrated Learning Detector for AI-Generated Text7 May 2026
- 2026Spotlights and Blindspots: Evaluating Machine-Generated Text Detection17 Apr 2026
- 2026Beyond Via: Analysis and Estimation of the Impact of Large Language Models in Academic Papers26 Mar 2026
- 2026FNF: Functional Network Fingerprint for Large Language Models30 Jan 2026
- 2026Variation is the Key: A Variation-Based Framework for LLM-Generated Text Detection27 Jan 2026
12 newest of 42 All 42 (JSON)