mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

AI-generated text boundary detection with RoFT

arXiv 2311.08349 ↗First posted 14 Nov 2023cs.CLcited by 20

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Abstract (arXiv)

Due to the rapid development of large language models, people increasingly often encounter texts that may start as written by a human but continue as machine-generated. Detecting the boundary between human-written and machine-generated parts of such texts is a challenging problem that has not received much attention in literature. We attempt to bridge this gap and examine several ways to adapt state of the art artificial text detection classifiers to the boundary detection setting. We push all detectors to their limits, using the Real or Fake text benchmark that contains short texts on several topics and includes generations of various language models. We use this diversity to deeply examine the robustness of all detectors in cross-domain and cross-model settings to provide baselines and insights for future research. In particular, we find that perplexity-based approaches to boundary detection tend to be more robust to peculiarities of domain-specific data than supervised fine-tuning of the RoBERTa model; we also find which features of the text confuse boundary detection algorithms and negatively influence their performance in cross-domain settings.

Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 57 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Nov 2023.

Builds on

29 of 57 references.

References · 29

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  3. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
  4. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
  5. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
  6. 2019ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representationscited by 2,772
  7. 2019CTRL: A Conditional Transformer Language Model for Controllable Generationcited by 754
  8. 2023DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvaturecited by 705
  9. 2023Textbooks Are All You Needcited by 561
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  11. 2019Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Modelscited by 505
  12. 2021All That's 'Human' Is Not Gold: Evaluating Human Evaluation of Generated Textcited by 287
17 more
  1. 2023Intrinsic Dimension Estimation for Robust Detection of AI-Generated Textscited by 111
  2. 2023Testing of Detection Tools for AI-Generated Textcited by 86
  3. 2021Intrinsic Dimension, Persistent Homology and Generalization in Neural Networkscited by 70
  4. 2023A Survey on Detection of LLMs-Generated Contentcited by 70
  5. 2022Real or Fake Text?: Investigating Human Ability to Detect Boundaries Between Human-Written and Machine-Generated Textcited by 63
  6. 2023SeqXGPT: Sentence-Level AI-Generated Text Detectioncited by 55
  7. 2021Artificial Text Detection via Examining the Topology of Attention Mapscited by 49
  8. 2023LLMDet: A Third Party Large Language Models Generated Text Detection Toolcited by 44
  9. 2022Attribution and Obfuscation of Neural Text Authorship: A Data Mining Perspectivecited by 40
  10. 2023Origin Tracing and Detecting of LLMscited by 39
  11. 2023GPT-who: An Information Density-based Machine-Generated Text Detectorcited by 38
  12. 2020RoFT: A Tool for Evaluating Human Detection of Machine-Generated Textcited by 36
  13. 2022Intrinsic Dimensionality Estimation within Tight Localities: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysiscited by 22
  14. 2022Are You Robert or RoBERTa? Deceiving Online Authorship Attribution Models Using Neural Text Generatorscited by 14
  15. 2022Topological Data Analysis for Speech Processingcited by 9
  16. 2023Deep neural networks architectures from the perspective of manifold learningcited by 5
  17. 2019An Introduction to a New Text Classification and Visualization for Natural Language Processing Using Topological Data Analysiscited by 3

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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 11; 2026: 6.

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  1. 2025EditLens: Quantifying the Extent of AI Editing in Textcited by 26
  2. 2025DAMAGE: Detecting Adversarially Modified AI Generated Textcited by 20
  3. 2024Glimpse: Enabling White-Box Methods to Use Proprietary Models for Zero-Shot LLM-Generated Text Detectioncited by 14
  4. 2025Feature-Level Insights into Artificial Text Detection with Sparse Autoencoderscited by 14
  5. 2025HACo-Det: A Study Towards Fine-Grained Machine-Generated Text Detection under Human-AI Coauthoringcited by 14
  6. 2025DETree: DEtecting Human-AI Collaborative Texts via Tree-Structured Hierarchical Representation Learningcited by 12
  7. 2025FAID: Fine-Grained AI-Generated Text Detection Using Multi-Task Auxiliary and Multi-Level Contrastive Learningcited by 5
  8. 2025DAMASHA: Detecting AI in Mixed Adversarial Texts via Segmentation with Human-interpretable Attributioncited by 5
  9. 2026IDLM: Inverse-distilled Diffusion Language Modelscited by 5
  10. 2026Segmenting Human-LLM Co-authored Text via Change Point Detectioncited by 5
  11. 2024GigaCheck: Detecting LLM-generated Content via Object-Centric Span Localizationcited by 3
  12. 2025Fine-Grained Detection of AI-Generated Text Using Sentence-Level Segmentationcited by 3
8 more
  1. 2024Topological Data Analysis Applications in Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 2
  2. 2025LLMTrace: A Corpus for Classification and Fine-Grained Localization of AI-Written Textcited by 2
  3. 2025Unveiling Intrinsic Dimension of Texts: from Academic Abstract to Creative Storycited by 1
  4. 2025Mixture of Detectors: A Compact View of Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 0
  5. 2026SV-Detect: AI-generated Text Detection with Steering Vectorscited by 0
  6. 2026Detecting LLM-Generated Tokens in Human--LLM Coauthored Textcited by 0
  7. 2026D2C-Routing: Dimension-to-Composition Evidence Routing for Mixed-Origin AI-Generated Text Detectioncited by 0
  8. 2026LA-CPD: Local-Evidence-Aware Change-Point Detection for Human-LLM Authorship Segmentationcited by 0