mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Generating Phishing Attacks using ChatGPT

arXiv 2305.05133 ↗First posted 9 May 2023cs.CR cs.CLcited by 16

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Abstract (arXiv)

The ability of ChatGPT to generate human-like responses and understand context has made it a popular tool for conversational agents, content creation, data analysis, and research and innovation. However, its effectiveness and ease of accessibility makes it a prime target for generating malicious content, such as phishing attacks, that can put users at risk. In this work, we identify several malicious prompts that can be provided to ChatGPT to generate functional phishing websites. Through an iterative approach, we find that these phishing websites can be made to imitate popular brands and emulate several evasive tactics that have been known to avoid detection by anti-phishing entities. These attacks can be generated using vanilla ChatGPT without the need of any prior adversarial exploits (jailbreaking).

Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 May 2023.

Builds on

7 of 60 references.

References · 7

  1. 2023ChatGPT and Software Testing Education: Promises & Perilscited by 42
  2. 2022Why So Toxic? Measuring and Triggering Toxic Behavior in Open-Domain Chatbotscited by 33
  3. 2022Targeted Phishing Campaigns using Large Scale Language Modelscited by 23
  4. 2020Advanced Evasion Attacks and Mitigations on Practical ML-Based Phishing Website Classifierscited by 16
  5. 2019Browser Fingerprinting: A surveycited by 5
  6. 2022A Large-Scale Analysis of Phishing Websites Hosted on Free Web Hosting Domainscited by 2
  7. 2022Gone Quishing: A Field Study of Phishing with Malicious QR Codescited by 1

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 6; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.

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  1. 2023From Chatbots to PhishBots? -- Preventing Phishing scams created using ChatGPT, Google Bard and Claude
  2. 2025Jailbreaking Generative AI: Empowering Novices to Conduct Phishing Attacks
  3. 2024AbuseGPT: Abuse of Generative AI ChatBots to Create Smishing Campaigns
  4. 2025Breaking the Prompt Wall (I): A Real-World Case Study of Attacking ChatGPT via Lightweight Prompt Injection
  5. 2023From ChatGPT to ThreatGPT: Impact of Generative AI in Cybersecurity and Privacy
  6. 2023"HOT" ChatGPT: The promise of ChatGPT in detecting and discriminating hateful, offensive, and toxic comments on social media
  7. 2023Assessing Prompt Injection Risks in 200+ Custom GPTs
  8. 2023Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT Reliability Through Multilingual Inquiries