Generating Phishing Attacks using ChatGPT
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Abstract (arXiv)
The ability of ChatGPT to generate human-like responses and understand context has made it a popular tool for conversational agents, content creation, data analysis, and research and innovation. However, its effectiveness and ease of accessibility makes it a prime target for generating malicious content, such as phishing attacks, that can put users at risk. In this work, we identify several malicious prompts that can be provided to ChatGPT to generate functional phishing websites. Through an iterative approach, we find that these phishing websites can be made to imitate popular brands and emulate several evasive tactics that have been known to avoid detection by anti-phishing entities. These attacks can be generated using vanilla ChatGPT without the need of any prior adversarial exploits (jailbreaking).
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 May 2023.
Builds on
7 of 60 references.
References · 7
- 2023ChatGPT and Software Testing Education: Promises & Perilscited by 42
- 2022Why So Toxic? Measuring and Triggering Toxic Behavior in Open-Domain Chatbotscited by 33
- 2022Targeted Phishing Campaigns using Large Scale Language Modelscited by 23
- 2020Advanced Evasion Attacks and Mitigations on Practical ML-Based Phishing Website Classifierscited by 16
- 2019Browser Fingerprinting: A surveycited by 5
- 2022A Large-Scale Analysis of Phishing Websites Hosted on Free Web Hosting Domainscited by 2
- 2022Gone Quishing: A Field Study of Phishing with Malicious QR Codescited by 1
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 6; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.
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- 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasetscited by 123
- 2024Red-Teaming for Generative AI: Silver Bullet or Security Theater?cited by 83
- 2024Large Language Models in Cybersecurity: State-of-the-Artcited by 34
- 2023Using Large Language Models for Cybersecurity Capture-The-Flag Challenges and Certification Questionscited by 23
- 2024A Novel Evaluation Framework for Assessing Resilience Against Prompt Injection Attacks in Large Language Modelscited by 15
- 2025Large Language Model (LLM) for Software Security: Code Analysis, Malware Analysis, Reverse Engineeringcited by 15
- 2023Exploring the Dark Side of AI: Advanced Phishing Attack Design and Deployment Using ChatGPTcited by 9
- 2023Transformation vs Tradition: Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) for Arts and Humanitiescited by 9
- 2024Review of Generative AI Methods in Cybersecuritycited by 9
- 2025Normative Conflicts and Shallow AI Alignmentcited by 5
- 2024Zero-Shot Spam Email Classification Using Pre-trained Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025Two Birds with One Stone: Multi-Task Detection and Attribution of LLM-Generated Textcited by 1
4 more
- 2026CAREBench: A Child-Safety Risk Benchmark for Language Modelscited by 1
- 2024Can't say cant? Measuring and Reasoning of Dark Jargons in Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025CTIGuardian: A Few-Shot Framework for Mitigating Privacy Leakage in Fine-Tuned LLMscited by 0
- 2026LLM Wardens: Mitigating Adversarial Persuasion with Third-Party Conversational Oversightcited by 0
- 2026CAREBench: A Child-Safety Risk Benchmark for Language Models29 Jun 2026
- 2026LLM Wardens: Mitigating Adversarial Persuasion with Third-Party Conversational Oversight8 May 2026
- 2025CTIGuardian: A Few-Shot Framework for Mitigating Privacy Leakage in Fine-Tuned LLMs15 Dec 2025
- 2025Two Birds with One Stone: Multi-Task Detection and Attribution of LLM-Generated Text19 Aug 2025
- 2025Normative Conflicts and Shallow AI Alignment5 Jun 2025
- 2025Large Language Model (LLM) for Software Security: Code Analysis, Malware Analysis, Reverse Engineering7 Apr 2025
- 2024Zero-Shot Spam Email Classification Using Pre-trained Large Language Models24 May 2024
- 2024Can't say cant? Measuring and Reasoning of Dark Jargons in Large Language Models25 Apr 2024
- 2024Review of Generative AI Methods in Cybersecurity13 Mar 2024
- 2024Large Language Models in Cybersecurity: State-of-the-Art30 Jan 2024
- 2024Red-Teaming for Generative AI: Silver Bullet or Security Theater?29 Jan 2024
- 2024A Novel Evaluation Framework for Assessing Resilience Against Prompt Injection Attacks in Large Language Models2 Jan 2024
4 more
- 2023Transformation vs Tradition: Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) for Arts and Humanities30 Oct 2023
- 2023Exploring the Dark Side of AI: Advanced Phishing Attack Design and Deployment Using ChatGPT19 Sep 2023
- 2023Using Large Language Models for Cybersecurity Capture-The-Flag Challenges and Certification Questions21 Aug 2023
- 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasets29 May 2023
- 2024Red-Teaming for Generative AI: Silver Bullet or Security Theater?cited by 83
- 2024A Novel Evaluation Framework for Assessing Resilience Against Prompt Injection Attacks in Large Language Modelscited by 15
- 2024Review of Generative AI Methods in Cybersecuritycited by 9
- 2025CTIGuardian: A Few-Shot Framework for Mitigating Privacy Leakage in Fine-Tuned LLMscited by 0
- 2025CTIGuardian: A Few-Shot Framework for Mitigating Privacy Leakage in Fine-Tuned LLMs15 Dec 2025
- 2024Review of Generative AI Methods in Cybersecurity13 Mar 2024
- 2024Red-Teaming for Generative AI: Silver Bullet or Security Theater?29 Jan 2024
- 2024A Novel Evaluation Framework for Assessing Resilience Against Prompt Injection Attacks in Large Language Models2 Jan 2024
- 2025Normative Conflicts and Shallow AI Alignmentcited by 5
- 2025Normative Conflicts and Shallow AI Alignment5 Jun 2025
- 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasetscited by 123
- 2024Large Language Models in Cybersecurity: State-of-the-Artcited by 34
- 2023Using Large Language Models for Cybersecurity Capture-The-Flag Challenges and Certification Questionscited by 23
- 2025Large Language Model (LLM) for Software Security: Code Analysis, Malware Analysis, Reverse Engineeringcited by 15
- 2023Exploring the Dark Side of AI: Advanced Phishing Attack Design and Deployment Using ChatGPTcited by 9
- 2023Transformation vs Tradition: Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) for Arts and Humanitiescited by 9
- 2024Zero-Shot Spam Email Classification Using Pre-trained Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025Two Birds with One Stone: Multi-Task Detection and Attribution of LLM-Generated Textcited by 1
- 2026CAREBench: A Child-Safety Risk Benchmark for Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026LLM Wardens: Mitigating Adversarial Persuasion with Third-Party Conversational Oversightcited by 0
- 2026CAREBench: A Child-Safety Risk Benchmark for Language Models29 Jun 2026
- 2026LLM Wardens: Mitigating Adversarial Persuasion with Third-Party Conversational Oversight8 May 2026
- 2025Two Birds with One Stone: Multi-Task Detection and Attribution of LLM-Generated Text19 Aug 2025
- 2025Large Language Model (LLM) for Software Security: Code Analysis, Malware Analysis, Reverse Engineering7 Apr 2025
- 2024Zero-Shot Spam Email Classification Using Pre-trained Large Language Models24 May 2024
- 2024Large Language Models in Cybersecurity: State-of-the-Art30 Jan 2024
- 2023Transformation vs Tradition: Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) for Arts and Humanities30 Oct 2023
- 2023Exploring the Dark Side of AI: Advanced Phishing Attack Design and Deployment Using ChatGPT19 Sep 2023
- 2023Using Large Language Models for Cybersecurity Capture-The-Flag Challenges and Certification Questions21 Aug 2023
- 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasets29 May 2023
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- 2023From Chatbots to PhishBots? -- Preventing Phishing scams created using ChatGPT, Google Bard and Claude
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