Targeted Phishing Campaigns using Large Scale Language Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this research, we aim to explore the potential of natural language models (NLMs) such as GPT-3 and GPT-2 to generate effective phishing emails. Phishing emails are fraudulent messages that aim to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information or taking actions that benefit the attackers. We propose a framework for evaluating the performance of NLMs in generating these types of emails based on various criteria, including the quality of the generated text, the ability to bypass spam filters, and the success rate of tricking individuals. Our evaluations show that NLMs are capable of generating phishing emails that are difficult to detect and that have a high success rate in tricking individuals, but their effectiveness varies based on the specific NLM and training data used. Our research indicates that NLMs could have a significant impact on the prevalence of phishing attacks and emphasizes the need for further study on the ethical and security implications of using NLMs for malicious purposes.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 27 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Dec 2022.
Builds on
9 of 27 references.
References · 9
- 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,464
- 2019Defending Against Neural Fake Newscited by 553
- 2019GLTR: Statistical Detection and Visualization of Generated Textcited by 490
- 2019This Email Could Save Your Life: Introducing the Task of Email Subject Line Generationcited by 58
- 2022Adversarial Robustness of Neural-Statistical Features in Detection of Generative Transformerscited by 25
- 2020Mining Disinformation and Fake News: Concepts, Methods, and Recent Advancementscited by 17
- 2017Automated Crowdturfing Attacks and Defenses in Online Review Systemscited by 12
- 2019Automated email Generation for Targeted Attacks using Natural Languagecited by 8
- 2017Neural Text Generation: A Practical Guidecited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 13; 2024: 7; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
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- 2023ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of nonecited by 204
- 2023Domain Specialization as the Key to Make Large Language Models Disruptive: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 134
- 2024Black-Box Access is Insufficient for Rigorous AI Auditscited by 123
- 2023Beyond the Safeguards: Exploring the Security Risks of ChatGPTcited by 36
- 2023BadLlama: cheaply removing safety fine-tuning from Llama 2-Chat 13Bcited by 35
- 2024Large Language Models in Cybersecurity: State-of-the-Artcited by 34
- 2024KnowPhish: Large Language Models Meet Multimodal Knowledge Graphs for Enhancing Reference-Based Phishing Detectioncited by 29
- 2023Generating Phishing Attacks using ChatGPTcited by 14
- 2023From Chatbots to PhishBots? -- Preventing Phishing scams created using ChatGPT, Google Bard and Claudecited by 12
- 2023A Security Risk Taxonomy for Prompt-Based Interaction With Large Language Modelscited by 12
- 2023Chatbots in a Honeypot Worldcited by 9
- 2023Cyber Sentinel: Exploring Conversational Agents in Streamlining Security Tasks with GPT-4cited by 9
10 more
- 2023Scamming the Scammers: Using ChatGPT to Reply Mails for Wasting Time and Resourcescited by 8
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- 2023Algorithmic Ghost in the Research Shell: Large Language Models and Academic Knowledge Creation in Management Researchcited by 6
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- 2024Is Generative AI the Next Tactical Cyber Weapon For Threat Actors? Unforeseen Implications of AI Generated Cyber Attackscited by 2
- 2026dgMARK: Decoding-Guided Watermarking for Diffusion Language Modelscited by 1
- 2024Embracing the Generative AI Revolution: Advancing Tertiary Education in Cybersecurity with GPTcited by 0
- 2024Towards Neural Network based Cognitive Models of Dynamic Decision-Making by Humanscited by 0
- 2024Using Large Language Models to Generate Authentic Multi-agent Knowledge Work Datasetscited by 0
- 2025CTIGuardian: A Few-Shot Framework for Mitigating Privacy Leakage in Fine-Tuned LLMscited by 0
- 2026dgMARK: Decoding-Guided Watermarking for Diffusion Language Models30 Jan 2026
- 2025CTIGuardian: A Few-Shot Framework for Mitigating Privacy Leakage in Fine-Tuned LLMs15 Dec 2025
- 2024Using Large Language Models to Generate Authentic Multi-agent Knowledge Work Datasets6 Sep 2024
- 2024Is Generative AI the Next Tactical Cyber Weapon For Threat Actors? Unforeseen Implications of AI Generated Cyber Attacks23 Aug 2024
- 2024Towards Neural Network based Cognitive Models of Dynamic Decision-Making by Humans24 Jul 2024
- 2024Embracing the Generative AI Revolution: Advancing Tertiary Education in Cybersecurity with GPT18 Mar 2024
- 2024KnowPhish: Large Language Models Meet Multimodal Knowledge Graphs for Enhancing Reference-Based Phishing Detection4 Mar 2024
- 2024Large Language Models in Cybersecurity: State-of-the-Art30 Jan 2024
- 2024Black-Box Access is Insufficient for Rigorous AI Audits25 Jan 2024
- 2023A Security Risk Taxonomy for Prompt-Based Interaction With Large Language Models19 Nov 2023
- 2023BadLlama: cheaply removing safety fine-tuning from Llama 2-Chat 13B31 Oct 2023
- 2023From Chatbots to PhishBots? -- Preventing Phishing scams created using ChatGPT, Google Bard and Claude29 Oct 2023
10 more
- 2023Cyber Sentinel: Exploring Conversational Agents in Streamlining Security Tasks with GPT-428 Sep 2023
- 2023An Empirical Study of AI-based Smart Contract Creation5 Aug 2023
- 2023Domain Specialization as the Key to Make Large Language Models Disruptive: A Comprehensive Survey30 May 2023
- 2023Chatbots to ChatGPT in a Cybersecurity Space: Evolution, Vulnerabilities, Attacks, Challenges, and Future Recommendations29 May 2023
- 2023Beyond the Safeguards: Exploring the Security Risks of ChatGPT13 May 2023
- 2023Generating Phishing Attacks using ChatGPT9 May 2023
- 2023Algorithmic Ghost in the Research Shell: Large Language Models and Academic Knowledge Creation in Management Research10 Mar 2023
- 2023ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none21 Feb 2023
- 2023Scamming the Scammers: Using ChatGPT to Reply Mails for Wasting Time and Resources10 Feb 2023
- 2023Chatbots in a Honeypot World10 Jan 2023
- 2023ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of nonecited by 204
- 2023Domain Specialization as the Key to Make Large Language Models Disruptive: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 134
- 2024Black-Box Access is Insufficient for Rigorous AI Auditscited by 123
- 2023Beyond the Safeguards: Exploring the Security Risks of ChatGPTcited by 36
- 2023BadLlama: cheaply removing safety fine-tuning from Llama 2-Chat 13Bcited by 35
- 2024Large Language Models in Cybersecurity: State-of-the-Artcited by 34
- 2024KnowPhish: Large Language Models Meet Multimodal Knowledge Graphs for Enhancing Reference-Based Phishing Detectioncited by 29
- 2023Generating Phishing Attacks using ChatGPTcited by 14
- 2023From Chatbots to PhishBots? -- Preventing Phishing scams created using ChatGPT, Google Bard and Claudecited by 12
- 2023A Security Risk Taxonomy for Prompt-Based Interaction With Large Language Modelscited by 12
- 2023Chatbots in a Honeypot Worldcited by 9
- 2023Scamming the Scammers: Using ChatGPT to Reply Mails for Wasting Time and Resourcescited by 8
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2024Is Generative AI the Next Tactical Cyber Weapon For Threat Actors? Unforeseen Implications of AI Generated Cyber Attacks23 Aug 2024
- 2024Towards Neural Network based Cognitive Models of Dynamic Decision-Making by Humans24 Jul 2024
- 2024Embracing the Generative AI Revolution: Advancing Tertiary Education in Cybersecurity with GPT18 Mar 2024
- 2024KnowPhish: Large Language Models Meet Multimodal Knowledge Graphs for Enhancing Reference-Based Phishing Detection4 Mar 2024
- 2024Large Language Models in Cybersecurity: State-of-the-Art30 Jan 2024
- 2024Black-Box Access is Insufficient for Rigorous AI Audits25 Jan 2024
- 2023A Security Risk Taxonomy for Prompt-Based Interaction With Large Language Models19 Nov 2023
- 2023BadLlama: cheaply removing safety fine-tuning from Llama 2-Chat 13B31 Oct 2023
- 2023From Chatbots to PhishBots? -- Preventing Phishing scams created using ChatGPT, Google Bard and Claude29 Oct 2023
- 2023An Empirical Study of AI-based Smart Contract Creation5 Aug 2023
- 2023Domain Specialization as the Key to Make Large Language Models Disruptive: A Comprehensive Survey30 May 2023
- 2023Chatbots to ChatGPT in a Cybersecurity Space: Evolution, Vulnerabilities, Attacks, Challenges, and Future Recommendations29 May 2023
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)