Scaling Pareto-Efficient Decision Making Via Offline Multi-Objective RL
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Abstract (arXiv)
The goal of multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) is to learn policies that simultaneously optimize multiple competing objectives. In practice, an agent's preferences over the objectives may not be known apriori, and hence, we require policies that can generalize to arbitrary preferences at test time. In this work, we propose a new data-driven setup for offline MORL, where we wish to learn a preference-agnostic policy agent using only a finite dataset of offline demonstrations of other agents and their preferences. The key contributions of this work are two-fold. First, we introduce D4MORL, (D)atasets for MORL that are specifically designed for offline settings. It contains 1.8 million annotated demonstrations obtained by rolling out reference policies that optimize for randomly sampled preferences on 6 MuJoCo environments with 2-3 objectives each. Second, we propose Pareto-Efficient Decision Agents (PEDA), a family of offline MORL algorithms that builds and extends Decision Transformers via a novel preference-and-return-conditioned policy. Empirically, we show that PEDA closely approximates the behavioral policy on the D4MORL benchmark and provides an excellent approximation of the Pareto-front with appropriate conditioning, as measured by the hypervolume and sparsity metrics.
Key facts. Cited by 36 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Apr 2023.
Builds on
19 of 32 references.
References · 19
- 2020Offline Reinforcement Learning: Tutorial, Review, and Perspectives on Open Problemscited by 1,873
- 2020Conservative Q-Learning for Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,777
- 2021Decision Transformer: Reinforcement Learning via Sequence Modelingcited by 1,528
- 2020D4RL: Datasets for Deep Data-Driven Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,406
- 2021Offline Reinforcement Learning with Implicit Q-Learningcited by 1,245
- 2022A Generalist Agentcited by 802
- 2021Offline Reinforcement Learning as One Big Sequence Modeling Problemcited by 636
- 2021A Practical Guide to Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning and Planningcited by 240
- 2017Distral: Robust Multitask Reinforcement Learningcited by 231
- 2022Multi-Game Decision Transformerscited by 212
- 2022Online Decision Transformercited by 194
- 2021RvS: What is Essential for Offline RL via Supervised Learning?cited by 184
7 more
- 2019A Generalized Algorithm for Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning and Policy Adaptationcited by 166
- 2017Safe Policy Improvement with Baseline Bootstrappingcited by 141
- 2016Multi-Objective Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 81
- 2020A Distributional View on Multi-Objective Policy Optimizationcited by 51
- 2018Meta-Learning for Multi-objective Reinforcement Learningcited by 33
- 2021Multi-Objective SPIBB: Seldonian Offline Policy Improvement with Safety Constraints in Finite MDPscited by 22
- 2019Relationship Explainable Multi-objective Optimization Via Vector Value Function Based Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 11; 2025: 10; 2026: 10.
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- 2024An Offline Adaptation Framework for Constrained Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning16 Sep 2024
- 2024MODULI: Unlocking Preference Generalization via Diffusion Models for Offline Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning28 Aug 2024
- 2024Pareto Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Diverse Expert Policy Generation22 Aug 2024
- 2024Traversing Pareto Optimal Policies: Provably Efficient Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning24 Jul 2024
- 2024Decoding-Time Language Model Alignment with Multiple Objectives27 Jun 2024
- 2024Offline Multi-Objective Optimization6 Jun 2024
- 2024Partial Rankings of Optimizers26 Feb 2024
- 2024Uni-RLHF: Universal Platform and Benchmark Suite for Reinforcement Learning with Diverse Human Feedback4 Feb 2024
- 2024Policy-regularized Offline Multi-objective Reinforcement Learning4 Jan 2024
- 2023Pessimistic Off-Policy Multi-Objective Optimization28 Oct 2023
- 2023AlignDiff: Aligning Diverse Human Preferences via Behavior-Customisable Diffusion Model3 Oct 2023
- 2023Semi-Offline Reinforcement Learning for Optimized Text Generation16 Jun 2023
- 2023Diffusion Models for Black-Box Optimization12 Jun 2023
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- 2025Benchmarking Offline Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning in Critical Care8 Dec 2025
- 2024Pareto Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Diverse Expert Policy Generation22 Aug 2024
- 2024Policy-regularized Offline Multi-objective Reinforcement Learning4 Jan 2024
- 2023Semi-Offline Reinforcement Learning for Optimized Text Generation16 Jun 2023
- 2024Decoding-Time Language Model Alignment with Multiple Objectivescited by 90
- 2024Uni-RLHF: Universal Platform and Benchmark Suite for Reinforcement Learning with Diverse Human Feedbackcited by 20
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- 2026LEMUR: Learning to Align with Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning from Preference Feedback31 Jul 2026
- 2025OrthAlign: Orthogonal Subspace Decomposition for Non-Interfering Multi-Objective Alignment29 Sep 2025
- 2024Decoding-Time Language Model Alignment with Multiple Objectives27 Jun 2024
- 2024Uni-RLHF: Universal Platform and Benchmark Suite for Reinforcement Learning with Diverse Human Feedback4 Feb 2024
- 2023Diffusion Models for Black-Box Optimizationcited by 75
- 2023AlignDiff: Aligning Diverse Human Preferences via Behavior-Customisable Diffusion Modelcited by 37
- 2024MODULI: Unlocking Preference Generalization via Diffusion Models for Offline Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
- 2025LacaDM: A Latent Causal Diffusion Model for Multiobjective Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2025LacaDM: A Latent Causal Diffusion Model for Multiobjective Reinforcement Learning22 Dec 2025
- 2024MODULI: Unlocking Preference Generalization via Diffusion Models for Offline Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning28 Aug 2024
- 2023AlignDiff: Aligning Diverse Human Preferences via Behavior-Customisable Diffusion Model3 Oct 2023
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- 2026Momba: Network Modernization Improves Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning7 Aug 2026
- 2026AETDICE: Unified Framework and Offline Optimization for Nonlinear Multi-Objective RL30 Jun 2026
- 2026MoMo: Conditioned Contrastive Representation Learning for Preference-Modulated Planning8 May 2026
- 2026TREX: Trajectory Explanations for Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning23 Mar 2026
- 2026Property-driven Protein Inverse Folding With Multi-Objective Preference Alignment6 Mar 2026
- 2026Post Hoc Extraction of Pareto Fronts for Continuous Control3 Mar 2026
- 2026GraphAllocBench: A Flexible Benchmark for Preference-Conditioned Multi-Objective Policy Learning28 Jan 2026
- 2025Agile Tradespace Exploration for Space Rendezvous Mission Design via Transformers3 Oct 2025
- 2025FairDICE: Fairness-Driven Offline Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning9 Jun 2025
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- 2025Robust Multi-Objective Controlled Decoding of Large Language Models11 Mar 2025
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