DoE2Vec: Deep-learning Based Features for Exploratory Landscape Analysis
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose DoE2Vec, a variational autoencoder (VAE)-based methodology to learn optimization landscape characteristics for downstream meta-learning tasks, e.g., automated selection of optimization algorithms. Principally, using large training data sets generated with a random function generator, DoE2Vec self-learns an informative latent representation for any design of experiments (DoE). Unlike the classical exploratory landscape analysis (ELA) method, our approach does not require any feature engineering and is easily applicable for high dimensional search spaces. For validation, we inspect the quality of latent reconstructions and analyze the latent representations using different experiments. The latent representations not only show promising potentials in identifying similar (cheap-to-evaluate) surrogate functions, but also can significantly boost performances when being used complementary to the classical ELA features in classification tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 Mar 2023.
Builds on
13 of 43 references.
References · 13
- 2019An Introduction to Variational Autoencoderscited by 1,000
- 2018Recent Advances in Autoencoder-Based Representation Learningcited by 133
- 2018Automated Algorithm Selection: Survey and Perspectivescited by 114
- 2017Automated Algorithm Selection on Continuous Black-Box Problems By Combining Exploratory Landscape Analysis and Machine Learningcited by 33
- 2017Comprehensive Feature-Based Landscape Analysis of Continuous and Constrained Optimization Problems Using the R-Package flaccocited by 27
- 2018A practical tutorial on autoencoders for nonlinear feature fusion: Taxonomy, models, software and guidelinescited by 17
- 2020Landscape-Aware Fixed-Budget Performance Regression and Algorithm Selection for Modular CMA-ES Variantscited by 15
- 2021Towards Explainable Exploratory Landscape Analysis: Extreme Feature Selection for Classifying BBOB Functionscited by 14
- 2020An analysis on the use of autoencoders for representation learning: fundamentals, learning task case studies, explainability and challengescited by 12
- 2020Deep Learning as a Competitive Feature-Free Approach for Automated Algorithm Selection on the Traveling Salesperson Problemcited by 11
- 2021The Impact of Hyper-Parameter Tuning for Landscape-Aware Performance Regression and Algorithm Selectioncited by 11
- 2022A Collection of Deep Learning-based Feature-Free Approaches for Characterizing Single-Objective Continuous Fitness Landscapescited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 5; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.
12 papers.
- 2024Explainable Benchmarking for Iterative Optimization Heuristicscited by 10
- 2024Neural Exploratory Landscape Analysis for Meta-Black-Box-Optimizationcited by 10
- 2024Deep-ELA: Deep Exploratory Landscape Analysis with Self-Supervised Pretrained Transformers for Single- and Multi-Objective Continuous Optimization Problemscited by 9
- 2025Landscape Features in Single-Objective Continuous Optimization: Have We Hit a Wall in Algorithm Selection Generalization?cited by 7
- 2025Instance Generation for Meta-Black-Box Optimization through Latent Space Reverse Engineeringcited by 6
- 2023TransOpt: Transformer-based Representation Learning for Optimization Problem Classificationcited by 3
- 2024A Survey of Features Used for Representing Black-box Single-objective Continuous Optimizationcited by 3
- 2024Landscape-Aware Automated Algorithm Configuration using Multi-output Mixed Regression and Classificationcited by 1
- 2026Geometric Probing for Algorithm Selection in Continuous Black-Box Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026Evaluating Real-World Generalizability of Algorithm Selection Modelscited by 0
- 2026Unsupervised Multi-kernel Learning for Automated Algorithm Selectioncited by 0
- 2026Reinforcement learning to choose optimizerscited by 0
- 2026Reinforcement learning to choose optimizers1 Sep 2026
- 2026Unsupervised Multi-kernel Learning for Automated Algorithm Selection21 Jul 2026
- 2026Evaluating Real-World Generalizability of Algorithm Selection Models1 Jun 2026
- 2026Geometric Probing for Algorithm Selection in Continuous Black-Box Optimization10 Apr 2026
- 2025Instance Generation for Meta-Black-Box Optimization through Latent Space Reverse Engineering19 Sep 2025
- 2025Landscape Features in Single-Objective Continuous Optimization: Have We Hit a Wall in Algorithm Selection Generalization?29 Jan 2025
- 2024Landscape-Aware Automated Algorithm Configuration using Multi-output Mixed Regression and Classification2 Sep 2024
- 2024Neural Exploratory Landscape Analysis for Meta-Black-Box-Optimization20 Aug 2024
- 2024A Survey of Features Used for Representing Black-box Single-objective Continuous Optimization8 Jun 2024
- 2024Explainable Benchmarking for Iterative Optimization Heuristics31 Jan 2024
- 2024Deep-ELA: Deep Exploratory Landscape Analysis with Self-Supervised Pretrained Transformers for Single- and Multi-Objective Continuous Optimization Problems2 Jan 2024
- 2023TransOpt: Transformer-based Representation Learning for Optimization Problem Classification29 Nov 2023