mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform

arXiv 2301.10140 ↗First posted 24 Jan 2023cs.DL cs.CLcited by 118

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Abstract (arXiv)

The volume of scientific output is creating an urgent need for automated tools to help scientists keep up with developments in their field. Semantic Scholar (S2) is an open data platform and website aimed at accelerating science by helping scholars discover and understand scientific literature. We combine public and proprietary data sources using state-of-the-art techniques for scholarly PDF content extraction and automatic knowledge graph construction to build the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph, the largest open scientific literature graph to-date, with 200M+ papers, 80M+ authors, 550M+ paper-authorship edges, and 2.4B+ citation edges. The graph includes advanced semantic features such as structurally parsed text, natural language summaries, and vector embeddings. In this paper, we describe the components of the S2 data processing pipeline and the associated APIs offered by the platform. We will update this living document to reflect changes as we add new data offerings and improve existing services.

Key facts. Cited by 118 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 19 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Jan 2023.

Builds on

13 of 19 references.

References · 13

  1. 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,893
  2. 2019Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for NLPcited by 4,236
  3. 2019SciBERT: A Pretrained Language Model for Scientific Textcited by 1,414
  4. 2019EfficientDet: Scalable and Efficient Object Detectioncited by 1,020
  5. 2020SPECTER: Document-level Representation Learning using Citation-informed Transformerscited by 430
  6. 2019PubLayNet: largest dataset ever for document layout analysiscited by 351
  7. 2020TLDR: Extreme Summarization of Scientific Documentscited by 136
  8. 2019Structural Scaffolds for Citation Intent Classification in Scientific Publicationscited by 130
  9. 2022SciRepEval: A Multi-Format Benchmark for Scientific Document Representationscited by 129
  10. 2018Construction of the Literature Graph in Semantic Scholarcited by 118
  11. 2021LayoutParser: A Unified Toolkit for Deep Learning Based Document Image Analysiscited by 58
  12. 2021VILA: Improving Structured Content Extraction from Scientific PDFs Using Visual Layout Groupscited by 27
1 more
  1. 2021S2AND: A Benchmark and Evaluation System for Author Name Disambiguationcited by 13

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 17; 2024: 33; 2025: 27; 2026: 41.

118 papers.

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  1. 2023PaperQA: Retrieval-Augmented Generative Agent for Scientific Researchcited by 149
  2. 2024Multimodal ArXiv: A Dataset for Improving Scientific Comprehension of Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 139
  3. 2024Language agents achieve superhuman synthesis of scientific knowledgecited by 137
  4. 2024A Review of Large Language Models and Autonomous Agents in Chemistrycited by 99
  5. 2024LitLLM: A Toolkit for Scientific Literature Reviewcited by 63
  6. 2024Autonomous LLM-driven research from data to human-verifiable research paperscited by 53
  7. 2024CiteME: Can Language Models Accurately Cite Scientific Claims?cited by 48
  8. 2023IGB: Addressing The Gaps In Labeling, Features, Heterogeneity, and Size of Public Graph Datasets for Deep Learning Researchcited by 30
  9. 2025BioClinical ModernBERT: A State-of-the-Art Long-Context Encoder for Biomedical and Clinical NLPcited by 28
  10. 2024Evaluating and Enhancing Large Language Models for Novelty Assessment in Scholarly Publicationscited by 26
  11. 2024Can Large Language Models Unlock Novel Scientific Research Ideas?cited by 24
  12. 2024IdeaBench: Benchmarking Large Language Models for Research Idea Generationcited by 23
38 more
  1. 2024Advancing Social Intelligence in AI Agents: Technical Challenges and Open Questionscited by 22
  2. 2023We are Who We Cite: Bridges of Influence Between Natural Language Processing and Other Academic Fieldscited by 20
  3. 2024From Insights to Actions: The Impact of Interpretability and Analysis Research on NLPcited by 20
  4. 2023The ACL OCL Corpus: Advancing Open Science in Computational Linguisticscited by 17
  5. 2024Large Language Models Reflect Human Citation Patterns with a Heightened Citation Biascited by 17
  6. 2024Large Language Model Benchmarks in Medical Taskscited by 17
  7. 2024PersonaFlow: Designing LLM-Simulated Expert Perspectives for Enhanced Research Ideationcited by 16
  8. 2026HindSight: Evaluating LLM-Generated Research Ideas via Future Impactcited by 16
  9. 2024LitLLMs, LLMs for Literature Review: Are we there yet?cited by 14
  10. 2023Personalized Jargon Identification for Enhanced Interdisciplinary Communicationcited by 12
  11. 2024A Review of Nine Physics Engines for Reinforcement Learning Researchcited by 12
  12. 2024The Zeno's Paradox of `Low-Resource' Languagescited by 12
  13. 2023DORIS-MAE: Scientific Document Retrieval using Multi-level Aspect-based Queriescited by 11
  14. 2025MIR: Methodology Inspiration Retrieval for Scientific Research Problemscited by 11
  15. 2024Pitfalls and Outlooks in Using COMETcited by 10
  16. 2025ScholarCopilot: Training Large Language Models for Academic Writing with Accurate Citationscited by 10
  17. 2025How Deep Do Large Language Models Internalize Scientific Literature and Citation Practices?cited by 10
  18. 2023The Semantic Reader Project: Augmenting Scholarly Documents through AI-Powered Interactive Reading Interfacescited by 9
  19. 2024TEG-DB: A Comprehensive Dataset and Benchmark of Textual-Edge Graphscited by 9
  20. 2024ArxivDIGESTables: Synthesizing Scientific Literature into Tables using Language Modelscited by 9
  21. 2025Matter-of-Fact: A Benchmark for Verifying the Feasibility of Literature-Supported Claims in Materials Sciencecited by 9
  22. 2025LLM-REVal: Can We Trust LLM Reviewers Yet?cited by 9
  23. 2023How should the advent of large language models affect the practice of science?cited by 8
  24. 2025AstroAgents: A Multi-Agent AI for Hypothesis Generation from Mass Spectrometry Datacited by 8
  25. 2025TinyScientist: An Interactive, Extensible, and Controllable Framework for Building Research Agentscited by 8
  26. 2025SPAR: Scholar Paper Retrieval with LLM-based Agents for Enhanced Academic Searchcited by 7
  27. 2024OARelatedWork: A Large-Scale Dataset of Related Work Sections with Full-texts from Open Access Sourcescited by 6
  28. 2024INDUS: Effective and Efficient Language Models for Scientific Applicationscited by 6
  29. 2026Can AI Be a Good Peer Reviewer? A Survey of Peer Review Process, Evaluation, and the Futurecited by 6
  30. 2026Unlocking LLM Creativity in Science through Analogical Reasoningcited by 6
  31. 2025Beyond Monolingual Assumptions: A Survey of Code-Switched NLP in the Era of Large Language Models across Modalitiescited by 5
  32. 2025Science Is Falling Behind the Frontier: Foundation Model Adoption Across Half a Million Paperscited by 5
  33. 2026How Adversarial Environments Mislead Agentic AI?cited by 5
  34. 2026MemGym: a Long-Horizon Memory Environment for LLM Agentscited by 5
  35. 2023Estimating the Causal Effect of Early ArXiving on Paper Acceptancecited by 4
  36. 2024Transforming Scholarly Landscapes: Influence of Large Language Models on Academic Fields beyond Computer Sciencecited by 4
  37. 2025Do Large Multimodal Models Solve Caption Generation for Scientific Figures? Lessons Learned from SciCap Challenge 2023cited by 4
  38. 2025Agentic AutoSurvey: Let LLMs Survey LLMscited by 4

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