Billion-user Customer Lifetime Value Prediction: An Industrial-scale Solution from Kuaishou
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Abstract (arXiv)
Customer Life Time Value (LTV) is the expected total revenue that a single user can bring to a business. It is widely used in a variety of business scenarios to make operational decisions when acquiring new customers. Modeling LTV is a challenging problem, due to its complex and mutable data distribution. Existing approaches either directly learn from posterior feature distributions or leverage statistical models that make strong assumption on prior distributions, both of which fail to capture those mutable distributions. In this paper, we propose a complete set of industrial-level LTV modeling solutions. Specifically, we introduce an Order Dependency Monotonic Network (ODMN) that models the ordered dependencies between LTVs of different time spans, which greatly improves model performance. We further introduce a Multi Distribution Multi Experts (MDME) module based on the Divide-and-Conquer idea, which transforms the severely imbalanced distribution modeling problem into a series of relatively balanced sub-distribution modeling problems hence greatly reduces the modeling complexity. In addition, a novel evaluation metric Mutual Gini is introduced to better measure the distribution difference between the estimated value and the ground-truth label based on the Lorenz Curve. The ODMN framework has been successfully deployed in many business scenarios of Kuaishou, and achieved great performance. Extensive experiments on real-world industrial data demonstrate the superiority of the proposed methods compared to state-of-the-art baselines including ZILN and Two-Stage XGBoost models.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 10 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Aug 2022.
Builds on
10 of 23 references.
References · 10
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- 2021Deep Long-Tailed Learning: A Surveycited by 417
- 2017Deep & Cross Network for Ad Click Predictionscited by 393
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- 2021Distilling Virtual Examples for Long-tailed Recognitioncited by 72
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- 2018Customer Lifetime Value in Video Games Using Deep Learning and Parametric Modelscited by 14
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 3; 2026: 7.
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- 2024Generative Regression Based Watch Time Prediction for Short-Video Recommendationcited by 13
- 2023Out of the Box Thinking: Improving Customer Lifetime Value Modelling via Expert Routing and Game Whale Detectioncited by 11
- 2024OptDist: Learning Optimal Distribution for Customer Lifetime Value Predictioncited by 8
- 2024Collaborative-Enhanced Prediction of Spending on Newly Downloaded Mobile Games under Consumption Uncertaintycited by 7
- 2024ADSNet: Cross-Domain LTV Prediction with an Adaptive Siamese Network in Advertisingcited by 4
- 2025TranSUN: A Preemptive Paradigm to Eradicate Retransformation Bias Intrinsically from Regression Models in Recommender Systemscited by 4
- 2023Contrastive Multi-view Framework for Customer Lifetime Value Predictioncited by 1
- 2025Mini-Game Lifetime Value Prediction in WeChatcited by 1
- 2026CC-OR-Net: A Unified Framework for LTV Prediction through Structural Decouplingcited by 1
- 2026RQ-Reg: A Residual-Quantization-Based Framework for Continuous Value Prediction in Recommender Systemscited by 1
- 2026DiffoR: A Unified Continuous Generative Framework for Universal Ordinal Regressioncited by 1
- 2024LDACP: Long-Delayed Ad Conversions Prediction Model for Bidding Strategycited by 0
5 more
- 2025TTF: A Trapezoidal Temporal Fusion Framework for LTV Forecasting in Douyincited by 0
- 2026HT-GNN: Hyper-Temporal Graph Neural Network for Customer Lifetime Value Prediction in Baidu Adscited by 0
- 2026AgentLTV: An Agent-Based Unified Search-and-Evolution Framework for Automated Lifetime Value Predictioncited by 0
- 2026ScaleToT: Generalizing Structured LLM Reasoning for Billion-Scale Low-Activity User Modelingcited by 0
- 2026PIT-SUN: A Deployable Empirical Marginal Transform Framework with Expectation-Consistent Recovery for Regression in Recommender Systemscited by 0
- 2026PIT-SUN: A Deployable Empirical Marginal Transform Framework with Expectation-Consistent Recovery for Regression in Recommender Systems9 Jul 2026
- 2026ScaleToT: Generalizing Structured LLM Reasoning for Billion-Scale Low-Activity User Modeling23 Jun 2026
- 2026DiffoR: A Unified Continuous Generative Framework for Universal Ordinal Regression29 May 2026
- 2026RQ-Reg: A Residual-Quantization-Based Framework for Continuous Value Prediction in Recommender Systems26 Feb 2026
- 2026AgentLTV: An Agent-Based Unified Search-and-Evolution Framework for Automated Lifetime Value Prediction25 Feb 2026
- 2026HT-GNN: Hyper-Temporal Graph Neural Network for Customer Lifetime Value Prediction in Baidu Ads19 Jan 2026
- 2026CC-OR-Net: A Unified Framework for LTV Prediction through Structural Decoupling15 Jan 2026
- 2025TTF: A Trapezoidal Temporal Fusion Framework for LTV Forecasting in Douyin19 Nov 2025
- 2025Mini-Game Lifetime Value Prediction in WeChat21 May 2025
- 2025TranSUN: A Preemptive Paradigm to Eradicate Retransformation Bias Intrinsically from Regression Models in Recommender Systems20 May 2025
- 2024Generative Regression Based Watch Time Prediction for Short-Video Recommendation28 Dec 2024
- 2024LDACP: Long-Delayed Ad Conversions Prediction Model for Bidding Strategy25 Nov 2024
5 more
- 2024OptDist: Learning Optimal Distribution for Customer Lifetime Value Prediction16 Aug 2024
- 2024ADSNet: Cross-Domain LTV Prediction with an Adaptive Siamese Network in Advertising15 Jun 2024
- 2024Collaborative-Enhanced Prediction of Spending on Newly Downloaded Mobile Games under Consumption Uncertainty12 Apr 2024
- 2023Out of the Box Thinking: Improving Customer Lifetime Value Modelling via Expert Routing and Game Whale Detection24 Aug 2023
- 2023Contrastive Multi-view Framework for Customer Lifetime Value Prediction26 Jun 2023
- 2024Generative Regression Based Watch Time Prediction for Short-Video Recommendationcited by 13
- 2023Out of the Box Thinking: Improving Customer Lifetime Value Modelling via Expert Routing and Game Whale Detectioncited by 11
- 2024OptDist: Learning Optimal Distribution for Customer Lifetime Value Predictioncited by 8
- 2024Collaborative-Enhanced Prediction of Spending on Newly Downloaded Mobile Games under Consumption Uncertaintycited by 7
- 2024ADSNet: Cross-Domain LTV Prediction with an Adaptive Siamese Network in Advertisingcited by 4
- 2025TranSUN: A Preemptive Paradigm to Eradicate Retransformation Bias Intrinsically from Regression Models in Recommender Systemscited by 4
- 2023Contrastive Multi-view Framework for Customer Lifetime Value Predictioncited by 1
- 2025Mini-Game Lifetime Value Prediction in WeChatcited by 1
- 2026CC-OR-Net: A Unified Framework for LTV Prediction through Structural Decouplingcited by 1
- 2026RQ-Reg: A Residual-Quantization-Based Framework for Continuous Value Prediction in Recommender Systemscited by 1
- 2026DiffoR: A Unified Continuous Generative Framework for Universal Ordinal Regressioncited by 1
- 2024LDACP: Long-Delayed Ad Conversions Prediction Model for Bidding Strategycited by 0
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2026PIT-SUN: A Deployable Empirical Marginal Transform Framework with Expectation-Consistent Recovery for Regression in Recommender Systems9 Jul 2026
- 2026DiffoR: A Unified Continuous Generative Framework for Universal Ordinal Regression29 May 2026
- 2026RQ-Reg: A Residual-Quantization-Based Framework for Continuous Value Prediction in Recommender Systems26 Feb 2026
- 2026HT-GNN: Hyper-Temporal Graph Neural Network for Customer Lifetime Value Prediction in Baidu Ads19 Jan 2026
- 2026CC-OR-Net: A Unified Framework for LTV Prediction through Structural Decoupling15 Jan 2026
- 2025TTF: A Trapezoidal Temporal Fusion Framework for LTV Forecasting in Douyin19 Nov 2025
- 2025Mini-Game Lifetime Value Prediction in WeChat21 May 2025
- 2025TranSUN: A Preemptive Paradigm to Eradicate Retransformation Bias Intrinsically from Regression Models in Recommender Systems20 May 2025
- 2024Generative Regression Based Watch Time Prediction for Short-Video Recommendation28 Dec 2024
- 2024LDACP: Long-Delayed Ad Conversions Prediction Model for Bidding Strategy25 Nov 2024
- 2024OptDist: Learning Optimal Distribution for Customer Lifetime Value Prediction16 Aug 2024
- 2024ADSNet: Cross-Domain LTV Prediction with an Adaptive Siamese Network in Advertising15 Jun 2024
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)