mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ferret: a Framework for Benchmarking Explainers on Transformers

arXiv 2208.01575 ↗First posted 2 Aug 2022cs.CLcited by 26

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Abstract (arXiv)

As Transformers are increasingly relied upon to solve complex NLP problems, there is an increased need for their decisions to be humanly interpretable. While several explainable AI (XAI) techniques for interpreting the outputs of transformer-based models have been proposed, there is still a lack of easy access to using and comparing them. We introduce ferret, a Python library to simplify the use and comparisons of XAI methods on transformer-based classifiers. With ferret, users can visualize and compare transformers-based models output explanations using state-of-the-art XAI methods on any free-text or existing XAI corpora. Moreover, users can also evaluate ad-hoc XAI metrics to select the most faithful and plausible explanations. To align with the recently consolidated process of sharing and using transformers-based models from Hugging Face, ferret interfaces directly with its Python library. In this paper, we showcase ferret to benchmark XAI methods used on transformers for sentiment analysis and hate speech detection. We show how specific methods provide consistently better explanations and are preferable in the context of transformer models.

Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Aug 2022.

Builds on

33 of 54 references.

References · 33

  1. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
  2. 2017A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictionscited by 6,488
  3. 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,040
  4. 2017Axiomatic Attribution for Deep Networkscited by 3,350
  5. 2013Deep Inside Convolutional Networks: Visualising Image Classification Models and Saliency Mapscited by 2,348
  6. 2018Sanity Checks for Saliency Mapscited by 1,149
  7. 2019Attention is not Explanationcited by 916
  8. 2019Universal Adversarial Triggers for Attacking and Analyzing NLPcited by 709
  9. 2020Towards Faithfully Interpretable NLP Systems: How should we define and evaluate faithfulness?cited by 590
  10. 2020Captum: A unified and generic model interpretability library for PyTorchcited by 542
  11. 2019ERASER: A Benchmark to Evaluate Rationalized NLP Modelscited by 523
  12. 2018A Benchmark for Interpretability Methods in Deep Neural Networkscited by 467
21 more
  1. 2020HateXplain: A Benchmark Dataset for Explainable Hate Speech Detectioncited by 403
  2. 2018AllenNLP: A Deep Semantic Natural Language Processing Platformcited by 347
  3. 2016European Union regulations on algorithmic decision-making and a "right to explanation"cited by 343
  4. 2016Understanding Neural Networks through Representation Erasurecited by 223
  5. 2020A Survey of the State of Explainable AI for Natural Language Processingcited by 206
  6. 2020A Diagnostic Study of Explainability Techniques for Text Classificationcited by 158
  7. 2021Post-hoc Interpretability for Neural NLP: A Surveycited by 155
  8. 2018Pathologies of Neural Models Make Interpretations Difficultcited by 140
  9. 2021Teach Me to Explain: A Review of Datasets for Explainable Natural Language Processingcited by 126
  10. 2020The Language Interpretability Tool: Extensible, Interactive Visualizations and Analysis for NLP Modelscited by 125
  11. 2022OpenXAI: Towards a Transparent Evaluation of Model Explanationscited by 125
  12. 2021Robustness Gym: Unifying the NLP Evaluation Landscapecited by 107
  13. 2020Explaining NLP Models via Minimal Contrastive Editing (MiCE)cited by 105
  14. 2019AllenNLP Interpret: A Framework for Explaining Predictions of NLP Modelscited by 74
  15. 2018Seq2Seq-Vis: A Visual Debugging Tool for Sequence-to-Sequence Modelscited by 69
  16. 2021Discretized Integrated Gradients for Explaining Language Modelscited by 45
  17. 2020Evaluating and Characterizing Human Rationalescited by 36
  18. 2021On the Sensitivity and Stability of Model Interpretations in NLPcited by 30
  19. 2019Evaluating Recurrent Neural Network Explanationscited by 29
  20. 2019Human-grounded Evaluations of Explanation Methods for Text Classificationcited by 28
  21. 2021Thermostat: A Large Collection of NLP Model Explanations and Analysis Toolscited by 11

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 8; 2025: 10; 2026: 3.

26 papers.

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  1. 2023Inseq: An Interpretability Toolkit for Sequence Generation Modelscited by 78
  2. 2024ReAGent: A Model-agnostic Feature Attribution Method for Generative Language Modelscited by 12
  3. 2023Quantifying the Plausibility of Context Reliance in Neural Machine Translationcited by 6
  4. 2025FitCF: A Framework for Automatic Feature Importance-guided Counterfactual Example Generationcited by 6
  5. 2025Bridging the Gap in XAI-Why Reliable Metrics Matter for Explainability and Compliancecited by 6
  6. 2023Contrastive Learning-based Sentence Encoders Implicitly Weight Informative Wordscited by 5
  7. 2024LLM Attributor: Interactive Visual Attribution for LLM Generationcited by 5
  8. 2023Dynamic Top-k Estimation Consolidates Disagreement between Feature Attribution Methodscited by 4
  9. 2025Explainable Compliance Detection with Multi-Hop Natural Language Inference on Assurance Case Structurecited by 4
  10. 2024The Role of Syntactic Span Preferences in Post-Hoc Explanation Disagreementcited by 3
  11. 2024Variationist: Exploring Multifaceted Variation and Bias in Written Language Datacited by 3
  12. 2025Gender Bias in Explainability: Investigating Performance Disparity in Post-hoc Methodscited by 3
14 more
  1. 2024Clinical information extraction for Low-resource languages with Few-shot learning using Pre-trained language models and Promptingcited by 2
  2. 2024Faithfulness and the Notion of Adversarial Sensitivity in NLP Explanationscited by 2
  3. 2025EvalxNLP: A Framework for Benchmarking Post-Hoc Explainability Methods on NLP Modelscited by 2
  4. 2023Empowering Refugee Claimants and their Lawyers: Using Machine Learning to Examine Decision-Making in Refugee Lawcited by 1
  5. 2024BONES: a Benchmark fOr Neural Estimation of Shapley valuescited by 1
  6. 2025Long-context Non-factoid Question Answering in Indic Languagescited by 1
  7. 2025Interpreto: An Explainability Library for Transformerscited by 1
  8. 2026iFlip: Iterative Feedback-driven Counterfactual Example Refinementcited by 1
  9. 2024idMotif: An Interactive Motif Identification in Protein Sequencescited by 0
  10. 2025Feature Importance Depends on Properties of the Data: Towards Choosing the Correct Explanations for Your Data and Decision Trees based Modelscited by 0
  11. 2025o-MEGA: Optimized Methods for Explanation Generation and Analysiscited by 0
  12. 2025Explanation Bias is a Product: Revealing the Hidden Lexical and Position Preferences in Post-Hoc Feature Attributioncited by 0
  13. 2026Learning to Explain: Supervised Token Attribution from Transformer Attention Patternscited by 0
  14. 2026LumiXAI: A Modular Full-Stack Framework for Feature Attributioncited by 0