What do we Really Know about State of the Art NER?
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a well researched NLP task and is widely used in real world NLP scenarios. NER research typically focuses on the creation of new ways of training NER, with relatively less emphasis on resources and evaluation. Further, state of the art (SOTA) NER models, trained on standard datasets, typically report only a single performance measure (F-score) and we don't really know how well they do for different entity types and genres of text, or how robust are they to new, unseen entities. In this paper, we perform a broad evaluation of NER using a popular dataset, that takes into consideration various text genres and sources constituting the dataset at hand. Additionally, we generate six new adversarial test sets through small perturbations in the original test set, replacing select entities while retaining the context. We also train and test our models on randomly generated train/dev/test splits followed by an experiment where the models are trained on a select set of genres but tested genres not seen in training. These comprehensive evaluation strategies were performed using three SOTA NER models. Based on our results, we recommend some useful reporting practices for NER researchers, that could help in providing a better understanding of a SOTA model's performance in future.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Apr 2022.
Builds on
30 of 53 references.
References · 30
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- 2020Named Entity Recognition as Dependency Parsingcited by 150
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- 2020We Need to Talk About Random Splitscited by 70
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18 more
- 2020Empirical Analysis of Unlabeled Entity Problem in Named Entity Recognitioncited by 34
- 2021RockNER: A Simple Method to Create Adversarial Examples for Evaluating the Robustness of Named Entity Recognition Modelscited by 28
- 2020Interpretable Multi-dataset Evaluation for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 27
- 2017Generalisation in Named Entity Recognition: A Quantitative Analysiscited by 25
- 2021NoiseQA: Challenge Set Evaluation for User-Centric Question Answeringcited by 25
- 2021Better Feature Integration for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 22
- 2021Context-aware Adversarial Training for Name Regularity Bias in Named Entity Recognitioncited by 19
- 2021BERT-Defense: A Probabilistic Model Based on BERT to Combat Cognitively Inspired Orthographic Adversarial Attackscited by 17
- 2018Why Comparing Single Performance Scores Does Not Allow to Draw Conclusions About Machine Learning Approachescited by 15
- 2020Contextualized Embeddings in Named-Entity Recognition: An Empirical Study on Generalizationcited by 15
- 2018Robust Lexical Features for Improved Neural Network Named-Entity Recognitioncited by 12
- 2020Entity-Switched Datasets: An Approach to Auditing the In-Domain Robustness of Named Entity Recognition Modelscited by 12
- 2019Named Entity Recognition -- Is there a glass ceiling?cited by 10
- 2020To BERT or Not to BERT: Comparing Task-specific and Task-agnostic Semi-Supervised Approaches for Sequence Taggingcited by 10
- 2021TMR: Evaluating NER Recall on Tough Mentionscited by 4
- 2021Larger-Context Tagging: When and Why Does It Work?cited by 4
- 2020A Novel Challenge Set for Hebrew Morphological Disambiguation and Diacritics Restorationcited by 3
- 2021Locally-Contextual Nonlinear CRFs for Sequence Labelingcited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 5; 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
10 papers.
- 2022ATCO2 corpus: A Large-Scale Dataset for Research on Automatic Speech Recognition and Natural Language Understanding of Air Traffic Control Communicationscited by 19
- 2024Cross-Lingual Transfer Robustness to Lower-Resource Languages on Adversarial Datasetscited by 5
- 2023A Multilingual Evaluation of NER Robustness to Adversarial Inputscited by 2
- 2023CebuaNER: A New Baseline Cebuano Named Entity Recognition Modelcited by 2
- 2023Answer Candidate Type Selection: Text-to-Text Language Model for Closed Book Question Answering Meets Knowledge Graphscited by 2
- 2025Konooz: Multi-domain Multi-dialect Corpus for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 2
- 2023Self-Improving-Leaderboard(SIL): A Call for Real-World Centric Natural Language Processing Leaderboardscited by 1
- 2025Human-Annotated NER Dataset for the Kyrgyz Languagecited by 1
- 2023Leveraging Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning in Spoken Named Entity Recognition Systemscited by 0
- 2026Towards a Diagnostic and Predictive Evaluation Methodology for Sequence Labeling Taskscited by 0
- 2026Towards a Diagnostic and Predictive Evaluation Methodology for Sequence Labeling Tasks13 Feb 2026
- 2025Human-Annotated NER Dataset for the Kyrgyz Language23 Sep 2025
- 2025Konooz: Multi-domain Multi-dialect Corpus for Named Entity Recognition14 Jun 2025
- 2024Cross-Lingual Transfer Robustness to Lower-Resource Languages on Adversarial Datasets29 Mar 2024
- 2023Answer Candidate Type Selection: Text-to-Text Language Model for Closed Book Question Answering Meets Knowledge Graphs10 Oct 2023
- 2023CebuaNER: A New Baseline Cebuano Named Entity Recognition Model1 Oct 2023
- 2023Leveraging Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning in Spoken Named Entity Recognition Systems3 Jul 2023
- 2023A Multilingual Evaluation of NER Robustness to Adversarial Inputs30 May 2023
- 2023Self-Improving-Leaderboard(SIL): A Call for Real-World Centric Natural Language Processing Leaderboards20 Mar 2023
- 2022ATCO2 corpus: A Large-Scale Dataset for Research on Automatic Speech Recognition and Natural Language Understanding of Air Traffic Control Communications8 Nov 2022