mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

BCI: Breast Cancer Immunohistochemical Image Generation through Pyramid Pix2pix

arXiv 2204.11425 ↗First posted 25 Apr 2022eess.IV cs.CVcited by 61

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Abstract (arXiv)

The evaluation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression is essential to formulate a precise treatment for breast cancer. The routine evaluation of HER2 is conducted with immunohistochemical techniques (IHC), which is very expensive. Therefore, for the first time, we propose a breast cancer immunohistochemical (BCI) benchmark attempting to synthesize IHC data directly with the paired hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stained images. The dataset contains 4870 registered image pairs, covering a variety of HER2 expression levels. Based on BCI, as a minor contribution, we further build a pyramid pix2pix image generation method, which achieves better HE to IHC translation results than the other current popular algorithms. Extensive experiments demonstrate that BCI poses new challenges to the existing image translation research. Besides, BCI also opens the door for future pathology studies in HER2 expression evaluation based on the synthesized IHC images. BCI dataset can be downloaded from https://bupt-ai-cz.github.io/BCI.

Key facts. Cited by 61 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Apr 2022.

Builds on

28 of 46 references.

References · 28

  1. 2016Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 4,510
  2. 2016The Cityscapes Dataset for Semantic Urban Scene Understandingcited by 4,427
  3. 2016Photo-Realistic Single Image Super-Resolution Using a Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 1,898
  4. 2019Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 1,295
  5. 2018ESRGAN: Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,250
  6. 2017High-Resolution Image Synthesis and Semantic Manipulation with Conditional GANscited by 1,176
  7. 2019StarGAN v2: Diverse Image Synthesis for Multiple Domainscited by 1,095
  8. 2017StarGAN: Unified Generative Adversarial Networks for Multi-Domain Image-to-Image Translationcited by 1,036
  9. 2016COCO-Stuff: Thing and Stuff Classes in Contextcited by 858
  10. 2016Playing for Data: Ground Truth from Computer Gamescited by 816
  11. 2018Multimodal Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 795
  12. 2017Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networkscited by 707
16 more
  1. 2019MaskGAN: Towards Diverse and Interactive Facial Image Manipulationcited by 624
  2. 2017Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translation Networkscited by 602
  3. 2017Semantic Foggy Scene Understanding with Synthetic Datacited by 401
  4. 2017DualGAN: Unsupervised Dual Learning for Image-to-Image Translationcited by 310
  5. 2017Learning to Discover Cross-Domain Relations with Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 278
  6. 2019DRIT++: Diverse Image-to-Image Translation via Disentangled Representationscited by 244
  7. 2021LLVIP: A Visible-infrared Paired Dataset for Low-light Visioncited by 229
  8. 2019U-GAT-IT: Unsupervised Generative Attentional Networks with Adaptive Layer-Instance Normalization for Image-to-Image Translationcited by 186
  9. 2020You Only Need Adversarial Supervision for Semantic Image Synthesiscited by 129
  10. 2021Breaking the Dilemma of Medical Image-to-image Translationcited by 82
  11. 2018StainGAN: Stain Style Transfer for Digital Histological Imagescited by 68
  12. 2020Lifespan Age Transformation Synthesiscited by 60
  13. 2021Predicting Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis in Early Breast Cancer Using Deep Learning on Primary Tumor Biopsy Slidescited by 43
  14. 2019GAN-based Virtual Re-Staining: A Promising Solution for Whole Slide Image Analysiscited by 22
  15. 2017Neural Stain-Style Transfer Learning using GAN for Histopathological Imagescited by 18
  16. 2021GANs N' Roses: Stable, Controllable, Diverse Image to Image Translation (works for videos too!)cited by 13

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 7; 2024: 15; 2025: 25; 2026: 11.

61 papers.

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  1. 2023Quilt-1M: One Million Image-Text Pairs for Histopathologycited by 192
  2. 2022Deep Learning-enabled Virtual Histological Staining of Biological Samplescited by 42
  3. 2023Adaptive Supervised PatchNCE Loss for Learning H&E-to-IHC Stain Translation with Inconsistent Groundtruth Image Pairscited by 38
  4. 2024Multistain Pretraining for Slide Representation Learning in Pathologycited by 27
  5. 2024Pathological Semantics-Preserving Learning for H&E-to-IHC Virtual Stainingcited by 21
  6. 2025UniMedVL: Unifying Medical Multimodal Understanding and Generation through Observation-Knowledge-Analysiscited by 12
  7. 2024StainDiffuser: MultiTask Dual Diffusion Model for Virtual Stainingcited by 11
  8. 2023Structural Cycle GAN for Virtual Immunohistochemistry Staining of Gland Markers in the Coloncited by 10
  9. 2024VIMs: Virtual Immunohistochemistry Multiplex staining via Text-to-Stain Diffusion Trained on Uniplex Stainscited by 10
  10. 2024PathoTune: Adapting Visual Foundation Model to Pathological Specialistscited by 8
  11. 2023Breast Cancer Immunohistochemical Image Generation: a Benchmark Dataset and Challenge Reviewcited by 7
  12. 2024HEMIT: H&E to Multiplex-immunohistochemistry Image Translation with Dual-Branch Pix2pix Generatorcited by 7
38 more
  1. 2024Implicit Multi-Spectral Transformer: An Lightweight and Effective Visible to Infrared Image Translation Modelcited by 6
  2. 2025HASD: Hierarchical Adaption for pathology Slide-level Domain-shiftcited by 6
  3. 2024Mix-Domain Contrastive Learning for Unpaired H&E-to-IHC Stain Translationcited by 5
  4. 2025HistDiST: Histopathological Diffusion-based Stain Transfercited by 5
  5. 2025Content Generation Models in Computational Pathology: A Comprehensive Survey on Methods, Applications, and Challengescited by 5
  6. 2025GANs vs. Diffusion Models for virtual staining with the HER2match datasetcited by 4
  7. 2024SHAP-CAT: A interpretable multi-modal framework enhancing WSI classification via virtual staining and shapley-value-based multimodal fusioncited by 3
  8. 2025USIGAN: Unbalanced Self-Information Feature Transport for Weakly Paired Image IHC Virtual Stainingcited by 3
  9. 2022convoHER2: A Deep Neural Network for Multi-Stage Classification of HER2 Breast Cancercited by 2
  10. 2023An AI-Ready Multiplex Staining Dataset for Reproducible and Accurate Characterization of Tumor Immune Microenvironmentcited by 2
  11. 2024IHC Matters: Incorporating IHC analysis to H&E Whole Slide Image Analysis for Improved Cancer Grading via Two-stage Multimodal Bilinear Pooling Fusioncited by 2
  12. 2024Scalable, Trustworthy Generative Model for Virtual Multi-Staining from H&E Whole Slide Imagescited by 2
  13. 2024Pix2Next: Leveraging Vision Foundation Models for RGB to NIR Image Translationcited by 2
  14. 2025Diffusion-based Virtual Staining from Polarimetric Mueller Matrix Imagingcited by 2
  15. 2025Generative AI for Misalignment-Resistant Virtual Staining to Accelerate Histopathology Workflowscited by 2
  16. 2026S1-Omni-Image: A Unified Model for Scientific Image Understanding, Generation, and Editingcited by 2
  17. 2023A vision transformer-based framework for knowledge transfer from multi-modal to mono-modal lymphoma subtyping modelscited by 1
  18. 2024Advancing H&E-to-IHC Stain Translation in Breast Cancer: A Multi-Magnification and Attention-Based Approachcited by 1
  19. 2024DeReStainer: H&E to IHC Pathological Image Translation via Decoupled Staining Channelscited by 1
  20. 2025Cross-channel Perception Learning for H&E-to-IHC Virtual Stainingcited by 1
  21. 2025HER2 Expression Prediction with Flexible Multi-Modal Inputs via Dynamic Bidirectional Reconstructioncited by 1
  22. 2025Score-based Diffusion Model for Unpaired Virtual Histology Stainingcited by 1
  23. 2025A Unified Low-level Foundation Model for Enhancing Pathology Image Qualitycited by 1
  24. 2026Topology-aware Pathological Consistency Matching for Weakly-Paired IHC Virtual Stainingcited by 1
  25. 2026PGVMS: A Prompt-Guided Unified Framework for Virtual Multiplex IHC Staining with Pathological Semantic Learningcited by 1
  26. 2026HistDiT: A Structure-Aware Latent Conditional Diffusion Model for High-Fidelity Virtual Staining in Histopathologycited by 1
  27. 2022Application of image-to-image translation in improving pedestrian detectioncited by 0
  28. 2023Addressing Uncertainty in Imbalanced Histopathology Image Classification of HER2 Breast Cancer: An interpretable Ensemble Approach with Threshold Filtered Single Instance Evaluation (SIE)cited by 0
  29. 2024Hallucination Detection in Virtually-Stained Histology: A Latent Space Baselinecited by 0
  30. 2025Adaptive H&E-IHC information fusion staining framework based on feature extracited by 0
  31. 2025SCFANet: Style Distribution Constraint Feature Alignment Network For Pathological Staining Translationcited by 0
  32. 2025VLM-based Prompts as the Optimal Assistant for Unpaired Histopathology Virtual Stainingcited by 0
  33. 2025IMPLICITSTAINER: Resolution Agnostic Data-Efficient Virtual Staining Using Neural Implicit Functionscited by 0
  34. 2025Deep histological synthesis from mass spectrometry imaging for multimodal registrationcited by 0
  35. 2025Transforming H&E images into IHC: A Variance-Penalized GAN for Precision Oncologycited by 0
  36. 2025QWD-GAN: Quality-aware Wavelet-driven GAN for Unsupervised Medical Microscopy Images Denoisingcited by 0
  37. 2025Progressive Translation of H&E to IHC with Enhanced Structural Fidelitycited by 0
  38. 2025Building Trust in Virtual Immunohistochemistry: Automated Assessment of Image Qualitycited by 0

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