Recent improvements of ASR models in the face of adversarial attacks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Like many other tasks involving neural networks, Speech Recognition models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. However recent research has pointed out differences between attacks and defenses on ASR models compared to image models. Improving the robustness of ASR models requires a paradigm shift from evaluating attacks on one or a few models to a systemic approach in evaluation. We lay the ground for such research by evaluating on various architectures a representative set of adversarial attacks: targeted and untargeted, optimization and speech processing-based, white-box, black-box and targeted attacks. Our results show that the relative strengths of different attack algorithms vary considerably when changing the model architecture, and that the results of some attacks are not to be blindly trusted. They also indicate that training choices such as self-supervised pretraining can significantly impact robustness by enabling transferable perturbations. We release our source code as a package that should help future research in evaluating their attacks and defenses.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Mar 2022.
Builds on
26 of 36 references.
References · 26
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2014Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examplescited by 7,287
- 2017Towards Deep Learning Models Resistant to Adversarial Attackscited by 6,326
- 2013Intriguing properties of neural networkscited by 5,114
- 2020wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representationscited by 3,853
- 2016Towards Evaluating the Robustness of Neural Networkscited by 2,976
- 2019Certified Adversarial Robustness via Randomized Smoothingcited by 1,324
- 2018Obfuscated Gradients Give a False Sense of Security: Circumventing Defenses to Adversarial Examplescited by 1,259
- 2018Speech Commands: A Dataset for Limited-Vocabulary Speech Recognitioncited by 741
- 2020RobustBench: a standardized adversarial robustness benchmarkcited by 659
- 2015Listen, Attend and Spellcited by 542
- 2015Deep Speech 2: End-to-End Speech Recognition in English and Mandarincited by 449
14 more
- 2016Transferability in Machine Learning: from Phenomena to Black-Box Attacks using Adversarial Samplescited by 439
- 2021SpeechBrain: A General-Purpose Speech Toolkitcited by 404
- 2018Audio Adversarial Examples: Targeted Attacks on Speech-to-Textcited by 268
- 2018Streaming End-to-end Speech Recognition For Mobile Devicescited by 230
- 2020Adversarial Self-Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 138
- 2019Imperceptible, Robust, and Targeted Adversarial Examples for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 123
- 2018Did you hear that? Adversarial Examples Against Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 48
- 2020SoK: The Faults in our ASRs: An Overview of Attacks against Automatic Speech Recognition and Speaker Identification Systemscited by 46
- 2018Targeted Adversarial Examples for Black Box Audio Systemscited by 41
- 2019Hear "No Evil", See "Kenansville": Efficient and Transferable Black-Box Attacks on Speech Recognition and Voice Identification Systemscited by 37
- 2020Enabling Fast and Universal Audio Adversarial Attack Using Generative Modelcited by 31
- 2021Sequential Randomized Smoothing for Adversarially Robust Speech Recognitioncited by 13
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- 2021Characterizing the adversarial vulnerability of speech self-supervised learningcited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
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- 2024Speech Robust Bench: A Robustness Benchmark For Speech Recognitioncited by 20
- 2025Lost in Transcription, Found in Distribution Shift: Demystifying Hallucination in Speech Foundation Modelscited by 17
- 2022There is more than one kind of robustness: Fooling Whisper with adversarial examplescited by 11
- 2023DistriBlock: Identifying adversarial audio samples by leveraging characteristics of the output distributioncited by 3
- 2025When Good Sounds Go Adversarial: Jailbreaking Audio-Language Models with Benign Inputscited by 3
- 2024Improving Membership Inference in ASR Model Auditing with Perturbed Loss Featurescited by 2
- 2024Transferable Adversarial Attacks against ASRcited by 2
- 2022Watch What You Pretrain For: Targeted, Transferable Adversarial Examples on Self-Supervised Speech Recognition modelscited by 1
- 2023An Integrated Algorithm for Robust and Imperceptible Audio Adversarial Examplescited by 1
- 2024Comparative Study on Noise-Augmented Training and its Effect on Adversarial Robustness in ASR Systemscited by 1
- 2022Analyzing Robustness of End-to-End Neural Models for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026MORE: Multi-Objective Adversarial Attacks on Speech Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Precision-Varying Prediction (PVP): Robustifying ASR systems against adversarial attacks23 Mar 2026
- 2026MORE: Multi-Objective Adversarial Attacks on Speech Recognition5 Jan 2026
- 2025When Good Sounds Go Adversarial: Jailbreaking Audio-Language Models with Benign Inputs5 Aug 2025
- 2025Lost in Transcription, Found in Distribution Shift: Demystifying Hallucination in Speech Foundation Models18 Feb 2025
- 2024Transferable Adversarial Attacks against ASR14 Nov 2024
- 2024Comparative Study on Noise-Augmented Training and its Effect on Adversarial Robustness in ASR Systems3 Sep 2024
- 2024Improving Membership Inference in ASR Model Auditing with Perturbed Loss Features2 May 2024
- 2024Speech Robust Bench: A Robustness Benchmark For Speech Recognition8 Mar 2024
- 2023An Integrated Algorithm for Robust and Imperceptible Audio Adversarial Examples5 Oct 2023
- 2023DistriBlock: Identifying adversarial audio samples by leveraging characteristics of the output distribution26 May 2023
- 2022There is more than one kind of robustness: Fooling Whisper with adversarial examples26 Oct 2022
- 2022Watch What You Pretrain For: Targeted, Transferable Adversarial Examples on Self-Supervised Speech Recognition models17 Sep 2022
1 more
- 2024Speech Robust Bench: A Robustness Benchmark For Speech Recognitioncited by 20
- 2025Lost in Transcription, Found in Distribution Shift: Demystifying Hallucination in Speech Foundation Modelscited by 17
- 2022There is more than one kind of robustness: Fooling Whisper with adversarial examplescited by 11
- 2023DistriBlock: Identifying adversarial audio samples by leveraging characteristics of the output distributioncited by 3
- 2024Transferable Adversarial Attacks against ASRcited by 2
- 2022Watch What You Pretrain For: Targeted, Transferable Adversarial Examples on Self-Supervised Speech Recognition modelscited by 1
- 2023An Integrated Algorithm for Robust and Imperceptible Audio Adversarial Examplescited by 1
- 2024Comparative Study on Noise-Augmented Training and its Effect on Adversarial Robustness in ASR Systemscited by 1
- 2022Analyzing Robustness of End-to-End Neural Models for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026MORE: Multi-Objective Adversarial Attacks on Speech Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Precision-Varying Prediction (PVP): Robustifying ASR systems against adversarial attackscited by 0
- 2026Precision-Varying Prediction (PVP): Robustifying ASR systems against adversarial attacks23 Mar 2026
- 2026MORE: Multi-Objective Adversarial Attacks on Speech Recognition5 Jan 2026
- 2025Lost in Transcription, Found in Distribution Shift: Demystifying Hallucination in Speech Foundation Models18 Feb 2025
- 2024Transferable Adversarial Attacks against ASR14 Nov 2024
- 2024Comparative Study on Noise-Augmented Training and its Effect on Adversarial Robustness in ASR Systems3 Sep 2024
- 2024Speech Robust Bench: A Robustness Benchmark For Speech Recognition8 Mar 2024
- 2023An Integrated Algorithm for Robust and Imperceptible Audio Adversarial Examples5 Oct 2023
- 2023DistriBlock: Identifying adversarial audio samples by leveraging characteristics of the output distribution26 May 2023
- 2022There is more than one kind of robustness: Fooling Whisper with adversarial examples26 Oct 2022
- 2022Watch What You Pretrain For: Targeted, Transferable Adversarial Examples on Self-Supervised Speech Recognition models17 Sep 2022
- 2022Analyzing Robustness of End-to-End Neural Models for Automatic Speech Recognition17 Aug 2022