A Call to Reflect on Evaluation Practices for Age Estimation: Comparative Analysis of the State-of-the-Art and a Unified Benchmark
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Abstract (arXiv)
Comparing different age estimation methods poses a challenge due to the unreliability of published results stemming from inconsistencies in the benchmarking process. Previous studies have reported continuous performance improvements over the past decade using specialized methods; however, our findings challenge these claims. This paper identifies two trivial, yet persistent issues with the currently used evaluation protocol and describes how to resolve them. We offer an extensive comparative analysis for state-of-the-art facial age estimation methods. Surprisingly, we find that the performance differences between the methods are negligible compared to the effect of other factors, such as facial alignment, facial coverage, image resolution, model architecture, or the amount of data used for pretraining. We use the gained insights to propose using FaRL as the backbone model and demonstrate its effectiveness on all public datasets. We make the source code and exact data splits public on GitHub.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Jul 2023.
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13 of 31 references.
References · 13
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
- 2022LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text modelscited by 4,131
- 2017Age Progression/Regression by Conditional Adversarial Autoencodercited by 426
- 2021General Facial Representation Learning in a Visual-Linguistic Mannercited by 193
- 2019Rank consistent ordinal regression for neural networks with application to age estimationcited by 132
- 2016Deep Label Distribution Learning with Label Ambiguitycited by 104
- 2022Moving Window Regression: A Novel Approach to Ordinal Regressioncited by 44
- 2021RoI Tanh-polar Transformer Network for Face Parsing in the Wildcited by 23
- 2022Unimodal-Concentrated Loss: Fully Adaptive Label Distribution Learning for Ordinal Regressioncited by 23
- 2021FP-Age: Leveraging Face Parsing Attention for Facial Age Estimation in the Wildcited by 20
- 2020Deep Ordinal Regression with Label Diversitycited by 17
1 more
- 2017Quantifying Facial Age by Posterior of Age Comparisonscited by 15
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 6; 2026: 9.
19 papers.
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- 2024FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysiscited by 34
- 2024Beyond Specialization: Assessing the Capabilities of MLLMs in Age and Gender Estimationcited by 9
- 2024Going beyond Compositions, DDPMs Can Produce Zero-Shot Interpolationscited by 5
- 2026Out of the box age estimation through facial imagery: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Vision-Language Models vs. out-of-the-box Traditional Architecturescited by 5
- 2025From Age Estimation to Age-Invariant Face Recognition: Generalized Age Feature Extraction Using Order-Enhanced Contrastive Learningcited by 4
- 2024Ordinal-Aware Calibration for Ordinal Classificationcited by 3
- 2025Underage Detection through a Multi-Task and MultiAge Approach for Screening Minors in Unconstrained Imagerycited by 2
- 2026MobileAgeNet: Lightweight Facial Age Estimation for Mobile Deploymentcited by 2
- 2025Photo Dating by Facial Age Aggregationcited by 1
- 2026Learning to Select Visual In-Context Demonstrationscited by 1
- 2026DiffoR: A Unified Continuous Generative Framework for Universal Ordinal Regressioncited by 1
- 2025AdaPRL: Adaptive Pairwise Regression Learning with Uncertainty Estimation for Universal Regression Taskscited by 0
7 more
- 2025Foundation Artificial Intelligence Models for Health Recognition Using Face Photographs (FAHR-Face)cited by 0
- 2025Ordinal Adaptive Correction: A Data-Centric Approach to Ordinal Image Classification with Noisy Labelscited by 0
- 2026Can a Teenager Fool an AI? Evaluating Low-Cost Cosmetic Attacks on Age Estimation Systemscited by 0
- 2026Conveyance: A Versatile Framework for Learning in Structured Class Spacescited by 0
- 2026Toward a More Ethical Facial Age Estimation: A Generalized Zero-Shot Benchmark Without Training on Children's Datacited by 0
- 2026Artificial Intelligence as a Tool for Combating Child Labour: A Real-Time Edge Vision Pipeline for Child Detection and Age Estimationcited by 0
- 2026Facial Age Estimation for Age Fraud Detection in National ID Systemscited by 0
- 2026Facial Age Estimation for Age Fraud Detection in National ID Systems4 Sep 2026
- 2026Artificial Intelligence as a Tool for Combating Child Labour: A Real-Time Edge Vision Pipeline for Child Detection and Age Estimation14 Aug 2026
- 2026DiffoR: A Unified Continuous Generative Framework for Universal Ordinal Regression29 May 2026
- 2026Toward a More Ethical Facial Age Estimation: A Generalized Zero-Shot Benchmark Without Training on Children's Data28 May 2026
- 2026Conveyance: A Versatile Framework for Learning in Structured Class Spaces27 May 2026
- 2026MobileAgeNet: Lightweight Facial Age Estimation for Mobile Deployment18 Apr 2026
- 2026Learning to Select Visual In-Context Demonstrations24 Mar 2026
- 2026Can a Teenager Fool an AI? Evaluating Low-Cost Cosmetic Attacks on Age Estimation Systems23 Feb 2026
- 2026Out of the box age estimation through facial imagery: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Vision-Language Models vs. out-of-the-box Traditional Architectures8 Feb 2026
- 2025Photo Dating by Facial Age Aggregation7 Nov 2025
- 2025Ordinal Adaptive Correction: A Data-Centric Approach to Ordinal Image Classification with Noisy Labels2 Sep 2025
- 2025Foundation Artificial Intelligence Models for Health Recognition Using Face Photographs (FAHR-Face)17 Jun 2025
7 more
- 2025Underage Detection through a Multi-Task and MultiAge Approach for Screening Minors in Unconstrained Imagery12 Jun 2025
- 2025AdaPRL: Adaptive Pairwise Regression Learning with Uncertainty Estimation for Universal Regression Tasks10 Jan 2025
- 2025From Age Estimation to Age-Invariant Face Recognition: Generalized Age Feature Extraction Using Order-Enhanced Contrastive Learning3 Jan 2025
- 2024Ordinal-Aware Calibration for Ordinal Classification21 Oct 2024
- 2024Going beyond Compositions, DDPMs Can Produce Zero-Shot Interpolations29 May 2024
- 2024FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysis19 Mar 2024
- 2024Beyond Specialization: Assessing the Capabilities of MLLMs in Age and Gender Estimation4 Mar 2024
- 2024Beyond Specialization: Assessing the Capabilities of MLLMs in Age and Gender Estimationcited by 9
- 2026Out of the box age estimation through facial imagery: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Vision-Language Models vs. out-of-the-box Traditional Architecturescited by 5
- 2026Learning to Select Visual In-Context Demonstrationscited by 1
- 2026Learning to Select Visual In-Context Demonstrations24 Mar 2026
- 2026Out of the box age estimation through facial imagery: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Vision-Language Models vs. out-of-the-box Traditional Architectures8 Feb 2026
- 2024Beyond Specialization: Assessing the Capabilities of MLLMs in Age and Gender Estimation4 Mar 2024
- 2024FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysiscited by 34
- 2025From Age Estimation to Age-Invariant Face Recognition: Generalized Age Feature Extraction Using Order-Enhanced Contrastive Learningcited by 4
- 2024Ordinal-Aware Calibration for Ordinal Classificationcited by 3
- 2025Underage Detection through a Multi-Task and MultiAge Approach for Screening Minors in Unconstrained Imagerycited by 2
- 2026MobileAgeNet: Lightweight Facial Age Estimation for Mobile Deploymentcited by 2
- 2025Photo Dating by Facial Age Aggregationcited by 1
- 2026DiffoR: A Unified Continuous Generative Framework for Universal Ordinal Regressioncited by 1
- 2025AdaPRL: Adaptive Pairwise Regression Learning with Uncertainty Estimation for Universal Regression Taskscited by 0
- 2025Foundation Artificial Intelligence Models for Health Recognition Using Face Photographs (FAHR-Face)cited by 0
- 2025Ordinal Adaptive Correction: A Data-Centric Approach to Ordinal Image Classification with Noisy Labelscited by 0
- 2026Can a Teenager Fool an AI? Evaluating Low-Cost Cosmetic Attacks on Age Estimation Systemscited by 0
- 2026Conveyance: A Versatile Framework for Learning in Structured Class Spacescited by 0
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2026Facial Age Estimation for Age Fraud Detection in National ID Systems4 Sep 2026
- 2026Artificial Intelligence as a Tool for Combating Child Labour: A Real-Time Edge Vision Pipeline for Child Detection and Age Estimation14 Aug 2026
- 2026DiffoR: A Unified Continuous Generative Framework for Universal Ordinal Regression29 May 2026
- 2026Toward a More Ethical Facial Age Estimation: A Generalized Zero-Shot Benchmark Without Training on Children's Data28 May 2026
- 2026Conveyance: A Versatile Framework for Learning in Structured Class Spaces27 May 2026
- 2026MobileAgeNet: Lightweight Facial Age Estimation for Mobile Deployment18 Apr 2026
- 2026Can a Teenager Fool an AI? Evaluating Low-Cost Cosmetic Attacks on Age Estimation Systems23 Feb 2026
- 2025Photo Dating by Facial Age Aggregation7 Nov 2025
- 2025Ordinal Adaptive Correction: A Data-Centric Approach to Ordinal Image Classification with Noisy Labels2 Sep 2025
- 2025Foundation Artificial Intelligence Models for Health Recognition Using Face Photographs (FAHR-Face)17 Jun 2025
- 2025Underage Detection through a Multi-Task and MultiAge Approach for Screening Minors in Unconstrained Imagery12 Jun 2025
- 2025AdaPRL: Adaptive Pairwise Regression Learning with Uncertainty Estimation for Universal Regression Tasks10 Jan 2025
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)