Text Style Transfer for Bias Mitigation using Masked Language Modeling
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Abstract (arXiv)
It is well known that textual data on the internet and other digital platforms contain significant levels of bias and stereotypes. Although many such texts contain stereotypes and biases that inherently exist in natural language for reasons that are not necessarily malicious, there are crucial reasons to mitigate these biases. For one, these texts are being used as training corpus to train language models for salient applications like cv-screening, search engines, and chatbots; such applications are turning out to produce discriminatory results. Also, several research findings have concluded that biased texts have significant effects on the target demographic groups. For instance, masculine-worded job advertisements tend to be less appealing to female applicants. In this paper, we present a text style transfer model that can be used to automatically debias textual data. Our style transfer model improves on the limitations of many existing style transfer techniques such as loss of content information. Our model solves such issues by combining latent content encoding with explicit keyword replacement. We will show that this technique produces better content preservation whilst maintaining good style transfer accuracy.
Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Jan 2022.
Builds on
28 of 46 references.
References · 28
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16 more
- 2017Unsupervised Machine Translation Using Monolingual Corpora Onlycited by 272
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 8; 2024: 11; 2025: 5; 2026: 3.
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- 2023Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 626
- 2024Self-Debiasing Large Language Models: Zero-Shot Recognition and Reduction of Stereotypescited by 58
- 2024Fairness in Large Language Models: A Taxonomic Surveycited by 57
- 2023ChatGPT vs Human-authored Text: Insights into Controllable Text Summarization and Sentence Style Transfercited by 49
- 2025Actions Speak Louder than Words: Agent Decisions Reveal Implicit Biases in Language Modelscited by 30
- 2024Deconstructing The Ethics of Large Language Models from Long-standing Issues to New-emerging Dilemmas: A Surveycited by 23
- 2024Walking in Others' Shoes: How Perspective-Taking Guides Large Language Models in Reducing Toxicity and Biascited by 17
- 2023Queer People are People First: Deconstructing Sexual Identity Stereotypes in Large Language Modelscited by 13
- 2023Tackling Bias in Pre-trained Language Models: Current Trends and Under-represented Societiescited by 11
- 2024Potential and Challenges of Model Editing for Social Debiasingcited by 10
- 2025On the Impact of Noise in Differentially Private Text Rewritingcited by 8
- 2024JAMDEC: Unsupervised Authorship Obfuscation using Constrained Decoding over Small Language Modelscited by 7
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- 2023Translating away Translationese without Parallel Datacited by 5
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- 2025Attention Pruning: Automated Fairness Repair of Language Models via Surrogate Simulated Annealingcited by 4
- 2025Chain-of-Thought Driven Adversarial Scenario Extrapolation for Robust Language Modelscited by 4
- 2024The Life Cycle of Large Language Models: A Review of Biases in Educationcited by 3
- 2024FairFlow: An Automated Approach to Model-based Counterfactual Data Augmentation For NLPcited by 2
- 2023Mitigating Bias in Text Classification via Prompt-Based Text Transformationcited by 0
- 2023Model-based Counterfactual Generator for Gender Bias Mitigationcited by 0
- 2024IDT: Dual-Task Adversarial Attacks for Privacy Protectioncited by 0
- 2025Alleviating Choice Supportive Bias in LLM with Reasoning Dependency Generationcited by 0
- 2026A Representation-Level Assessment of Bias Mitigation in Foundation Modelscited by 0
- 2026When Debiasing Backfires: Counterintuitive Side Effects of Preprocessing-Based Stereotype Mitigationcited by 0
- 2026PrivBench: A Holistic and Modular Benchmarking Platform for Evaluating Text-to-Text Privatizationcited by 0
- 2026PrivBench: A Holistic and Modular Benchmarking Platform for Evaluating Text-to-Text Privatization30 Aug 2026
- 2026When Debiasing Backfires: Counterintuitive Side Effects of Preprocessing-Based Stereotype Mitigation8 Jul 2026
- 2026A Representation-Level Assessment of Bias Mitigation in Foundation Models17 Mar 2026
- 2025Alleviating Choice Supportive Bias in LLM with Reasoning Dependency Generation28 Nov 2025
- 2025Chain-of-Thought Driven Adversarial Scenario Extrapolation for Robust Language Models20 May 2025
- 2025Attention Pruning: Automated Fairness Repair of Language Models via Surrogate Simulated Annealing20 Mar 2025
- 2025On the Impact of Noise in Differentially Private Text Rewriting31 Jan 2025
- 2025Actions Speak Louder than Words: Agent Decisions Reveal Implicit Biases in Language Models29 Jan 2025
- 2024Fairness in Large Language Models in Three Hours2 Aug 2024
- 2024FairFlow: An Automated Approach to Model-based Counterfactual Data Augmentation For NLP23 Jul 2024
- 2024Walking in Others' Shoes: How Perspective-Taking Guides Large Language Models in Reducing Toxicity and Bias22 Jul 2024
- 2024IDT: Dual-Task Adversarial Attacks for Privacy Protection28 Jun 2024
15 more
- 2024Deconstructing The Ethics of Large Language Models from Long-standing Issues to New-emerging Dilemmas: A Survey8 Jun 2024
- 2024SC2: Towards Enhancing Content Preservation and Style Consistency in Long Text Style Transfer7 Jun 2024
- 2024The Life Cycle of Large Language Models: A Review of Biases in Education3 Jun 2024
- 2024Fairness in Large Language Models: A Taxonomic Survey31 Mar 2024
- 2024Potential and Challenges of Model Editing for Social Debiasing21 Feb 2024
- 2024JAMDEC: Unsupervised Authorship Obfuscation using Constrained Decoding over Small Language Models13 Feb 2024
- 2024Self-Debiasing Large Language Models: Zero-Shot Recognition and Reduction of Stereotypes3 Feb 2024
- 2023A Group Fairness Lens for Large Language Models24 Dec 2023
- 2023Tackling Bias in Pre-trained Language Models: Current Trends and Under-represented Societies3 Dec 2023
- 2023Model-based Counterfactual Generator for Gender Bias Mitigation6 Nov 2023
- 2023Translating away Translationese without Parallel Data28 Oct 2023
- 2023Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Survey2 Sep 2023
- 2023Queer People are People First: Deconstructing Sexual Identity Stereotypes in Large Language Models30 Jun 2023
- 2023ChatGPT vs Human-authored Text: Insights into Controllable Text Summarization and Sentence Style Transfer13 Jun 2023
- 2023Mitigating Bias in Text Classification via Prompt-Based Text Transformation9 May 2023
- 2024IDT: Dual-Task Adversarial Attacks for Privacy Protection28 Jun 2024
- 2023Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 626
- 2024Self-Debiasing Large Language Models: Zero-Shot Recognition and Reduction of Stereotypescited by 58
- 2024Fairness in Large Language Models: A Taxonomic Surveycited by 57
- 2023ChatGPT vs Human-authored Text: Insights into Controllable Text Summarization and Sentence Style Transfercited by 49
- 2024Deconstructing The Ethics of Large Language Models from Long-standing Issues to New-emerging Dilemmas: A Surveycited by 23
- 2024Walking in Others' Shoes: How Perspective-Taking Guides Large Language Models in Reducing Toxicity and Biascited by 17
- 2023Queer People are People First: Deconstructing Sexual Identity Stereotypes in Large Language Modelscited by 13
- 2023Tackling Bias in Pre-trained Language Models: Current Trends and Under-represented Societiescited by 11
- 2024Potential and Challenges of Model Editing for Social Debiasingcited by 10
- 2025On the Impact of Noise in Differentially Private Text Rewritingcited by 8
- 2024JAMDEC: Unsupervised Authorship Obfuscation using Constrained Decoding over Small Language Modelscited by 7
- 2024Fairness in Large Language Models in Three Hourscited by 7
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026PrivBench: A Holistic and Modular Benchmarking Platform for Evaluating Text-to-Text Privatization30 Aug 2026
- 2026When Debiasing Backfires: Counterintuitive Side Effects of Preprocessing-Based Stereotype Mitigation8 Jul 2026
- 2026A Representation-Level Assessment of Bias Mitigation in Foundation Models17 Mar 2026
- 2025Attention Pruning: Automated Fairness Repair of Language Models via Surrogate Simulated Annealing20 Mar 2025
- 2025On the Impact of Noise in Differentially Private Text Rewriting31 Jan 2025
- 2024Fairness in Large Language Models in Three Hours2 Aug 2024
- 2024FairFlow: An Automated Approach to Model-based Counterfactual Data Augmentation For NLP23 Jul 2024
- 2024Walking in Others' Shoes: How Perspective-Taking Guides Large Language Models in Reducing Toxicity and Bias22 Jul 2024
- 2024Deconstructing The Ethics of Large Language Models from Long-standing Issues to New-emerging Dilemmas: A Survey8 Jun 2024
- 2024SC2: Towards Enhancing Content Preservation and Style Consistency in Long Text Style Transfer7 Jun 2024
- 2024The Life Cycle of Large Language Models: A Review of Biases in Education3 Jun 2024
- 2024Fairness in Large Language Models: A Taxonomic Survey31 Mar 2024
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)