English2Gbe: A multilingual machine translation model for {Fon/Ewe}Gbe
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Abstract (arXiv)
Language is an essential factor of emancipation. Unfortunately, most of the more than 2,000 African languages are low-resourced. The community has recently used machine translation to revive and strengthen several African languages. However, the trained models are often bilingual, resulting in a potentially exponential number of models to train and maintain to cover all possible translation directions. Additionally, bilingual models do not leverage the similarity between some of the languages. Consequently, multilingual neural machine translation (NMT) is gaining considerable interest, especially for low-resourced languages. Nevertheless, its adoption by the community is still limited. This paper introduces English2Gbe, a multilingual NMT model capable of translating from English to Ewe or Fon. Using the BLEU, CHRF, and TER scores computed with the Sacrebleu (Post, 2018) package for reproducibility, we show that English2Gbe outperforms bilingual models (English to Ewe and English to Fon) and gives state-of-the-art results on the JW300 benchmark for Fon established by Nekoto et al. (2020). We hope this work will contribute to the massive adoption of Multilingual models inside the community. Our code is made accessible from Github.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 18 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Dec 2021.
Builds on
14 of 18 references.
References · 14
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2 more
- 2020FFR v1.1: Fon-French Neural Machine Translationcited by 16
- 2021NLP for Ghanaian Languagescited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 0; 2024: 1; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
5 papers.
- 2022Building Machine Translation Systems for the Next Thousand Languagescited by 69
- 2022Bitext Mining Using Distilled Sentence Representations for Low-Resource Languagescited by 48
- 2025SMOL: Professionally translated parallel data for 115 under-represented languagescited by 11
- 2024A Systematic Review of NLP for Ghanaian Languages: Datasets, Models, and a Research Roadmapcited by 5
- 2026Evaluating Large Language Models for Hausa and Fongbe Machine Translation: Benchmarks, Failures, and Metric Reliabilitycited by 0
- 2026Evaluating Large Language Models for Hausa and Fongbe Machine Translation: Benchmarks, Failures, and Metric Reliability20 Jun 2026
- 2025SMOL: Professionally translated parallel data for 115 under-represented languages17 Feb 2025
- 2024A Systematic Review of NLP for Ghanaian Languages: Datasets, Models, and a Research Roadmap10 May 2024
- 2022Bitext Mining Using Distilled Sentence Representations for Low-Resource Languages25 May 2022
- 2022Building Machine Translation Systems for the Next Thousand Languages9 May 2022