Nice perfume. How long did you marinate in it? Multimodal Sarcasm Explanation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Sarcasm is a pervading linguistic phenomenon and highly challenging to explain due to its subjectivity, lack of context and deeply-felt opinion. In the multimodal setup, sarcasm is conveyed through the incongruity between the text and visual entities. Although recent approaches deal with sarcasm as a classification problem, it is unclear why an online post is identified as sarcastic. Without proper explanation, end users may not be able to perceive the underlying sense of irony. In this paper, we propose a novel problem -- Multimodal Sarcasm Explanation (MuSE) -- given a multimodal sarcastic post containing an image and a caption, we aim to generate a natural language explanation to reveal the intended sarcasm. To this end, we develop MORE, a new dataset with explanation of 3510 sarcastic multimodal posts. Each explanation is a natural language (English) sentence describing the hidden irony. We benchmark MORE by employing a multimodal Transformer-based architecture. It incorporates a cross-modal attention in the Transformer's encoder which attends to the distinguishing features between the two modalities. Subsequently, a BART-based auto-regressive decoder is used as the generator. Empirical results demonstrate convincing results over various baselines (adopted for MuSE) across five evaluation metrics. We also conduct human evaluation on predictions and obtain Fleiss' Kappa score of 0.4 as a fair agreement among 25 evaluators.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Dec 2021.
Builds on
20 of 35 references.
References · 20
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
- 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,874
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- 2020Oscar: Object-Semantics Aligned Pre-training for Vision-Language Taskscited by 1,213
- 2018Textual Explanations for Self-Driving Vehiclescited by 226
- 2019Towards Multimodal Sarcasm Detection (An _Obviously_ Perfect Paper)cited by 173
- 2016Generating Visual Explanationscited by 156
- 2017Using millions of emoji occurrences to learn any-domain representations for detecting sentiment, emotion and sarcasmcited by 117
8 more
- 2021VinVL: Revisiting Visual Representations in Vision-Language Modelscited by 109
- 2021e-ViL: A Dataset and Benchmark for Natural Language Explanations in Vision-Language Taskscited by 84
- 2021Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 77
- 2019iSarcasm: A Dataset of Intended Sarcasmcited by 39
- 2021Multi-modal Sarcasm Detection and Humor Classification in Code-mixed Conversationscited by 33
- 2018CASCADE: Contextual Sarcasm Detection in Online Discussion Forumscited by 26
- 2017Sarcasm SIGN: Interpreting Sarcasm with Sentiment Based Monolingual Machine Translationcited by 18
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 4; 2024: 11; 2025: 7; 2026: 2.
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- 2024We-Math: Does Your Large Multimodal Model Achieve Human-like Mathematical Reasoning?cited by 281
- 2023Multi-source Semantic Graph-based Multimodal Sarcasm Explanation Generationcited by 19
- 2024Understanding Figurative Meaning through Explainable Visual Entailmentcited by 19
- 2024A Survey of Multimodal Sarcasm Detectioncited by 19
- 2024Can Large Multimodal Models Uncover Deep Semantics Behind Images?cited by 16
- 2024Can MLLMs Understand the Deep Implication Behind Chinese Images?cited by 14
- 2024What Are We Measuring When We Evaluate Large Vision-Language Models? An Analysis of Latent Factors and Biasescited by 13
- 2023Can Language Models Laugh at YouTube Short-form Videos?cited by 11
- 2022A Survey in Automatic Irony Processing: Linguistic, Cognitive, and Multi-X Perspectivescited by 6
- 2024Sentiment-enhanced Graph-based Sarcasm Explanation in Dialoguecited by 6
- 2024Mixture-of-Prompt-Experts for Multi-modal Semantic Understandingcited by 6
- 2024PunchBench: Benchmarking MLLMs in Multimodal Punchline Comprehensioncited by 5
13 more
- 2025Let Androids Dream of Electric Sheep: A Human-Inspired Image Implication Understanding and Reasoning Frameworkcited by 5
- 2025Can Large Vision-Language Models Understand Multimodal Sarcasm?cited by 5
- 2025Beyond Single Frames: Can LMMs Comprehend Temporal and Contextual Narratives in Image Sequences?cited by 4
- 2025Seeing Sarcasm Through Different Eyes: Analyzing Multimodal Sarcasm Perception in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 4
- 2024VyAnG-Net: A Novel Multi-Modal Sarcasm Recognition Model by Uncovering Visual, Acoustic and Glossary Featurescited by 3
- 2025Target-Augmented Shared Fusion-based Multimodal Sarcasm Explanation Generationcited by 3
- 2025Evaluating Open-Source Vision-Language Models for Multimodal Sarcasm Detectioncited by 3
- 2023Cross-Attention is Not Enough: Incongruity-Aware Dynamic Hierarchical Fusion for Multimodal Affect Recognitioncited by 1
- 2023Dialogue Agents 101: A Beginner's Guide to Critical Ingredients for Designing Effective Conversational Systemscited by 1
- 2024Think out Loud: Emotion Deducing Explanation in Dialoguescited by 1
- 2025CAuSE: Decoding Multimodal Classifiers using Faithful Natural Language Explanationcited by 0
- 2026MuVaC: A Variational Causal Framework for Multimodal Sarcasm Understanding in Dialoguescited by 0
- 2026ProCrit: Self-Elicited Multi-Perspective Reasoning with Critic-Guided Revision for Multimodal Sarcasm Detectioncited by 0
- 2026ProCrit: Self-Elicited Multi-Perspective Reasoning with Critic-Guided Revision for Multimodal Sarcasm Detection20 May 2026
- 2026MuVaC: A Variational Causal Framework for Multimodal Sarcasm Understanding in Dialogues28 Jan 2026
- 2025CAuSE: Decoding Multimodal Classifiers using Faithful Natural Language Explanation7 Dec 2025
- 2025Evaluating Open-Source Vision-Language Models for Multimodal Sarcasm Detection13 Oct 2025
- 2025Can Large Vision-Language Models Understand Multimodal Sarcasm?5 Aug 2025
- 2025Let Androids Dream of Electric Sheep: A Human-Inspired Image Implication Understanding and Reasoning Framework22 May 2025
- 2025Seeing Sarcasm Through Different Eyes: Analyzing Multimodal Sarcasm Perception in Large Vision-Language Models15 Mar 2025
- 2025Beyond Single Frames: Can LMMs Comprehend Temporal and Contextual Narratives in Image Sequences?19 Feb 2025
- 2025Target-Augmented Shared Fusion-based Multimodal Sarcasm Explanation Generation11 Feb 2025
- 2024PunchBench: Benchmarking MLLMs in Multimodal Punchline Comprehension16 Dec 2024
- 2024A Survey of Multimodal Sarcasm Detection24 Oct 2024
- 2024Can MLLMs Understand the Deep Implication Behind Chinese Images?17 Oct 2024
13 more
- 2024VyAnG-Net: A Novel Multi-Modal Sarcasm Recognition Model by Uncovering Visual, Acoustic and Glossary Features5 Aug 2024
- 2024We-Math: Does Your Large Multimodal Model Achieve Human-like Mathematical Reasoning?1 Jul 2024
- 2024Think out Loud: Emotion Deducing Explanation in Dialogues7 Jun 2024
- 2024Understanding Figurative Meaning through Explainable Visual Entailment2 May 2024
- 2024What Are We Measuring When We Evaluate Large Vision-Language Models? An Analysis of Latent Factors and Biases3 Apr 2024
- 2024Mixture-of-Prompt-Experts for Multi-modal Semantic Understanding17 Mar 2024
- 2024Can Large Multimodal Models Uncover Deep Semantics Behind Images?17 Feb 2024
- 2024Sentiment-enhanced Graph-based Sarcasm Explanation in Dialogue6 Feb 2024
- 2023Can Language Models Laugh at YouTube Short-form Videos?22 Oct 2023
- 2023Dialogue Agents 101: A Beginner's Guide to Critical Ingredients for Designing Effective Conversational Systems14 Jul 2023
- 2023Multi-source Semantic Graph-based Multimodal Sarcasm Explanation Generation29 Jun 2023
- 2023Cross-Attention is Not Enough: Incongruity-Aware Dynamic Hierarchical Fusion for Multimodal Affect Recognition23 May 2023
- 2022A Survey in Automatic Irony Processing: Linguistic, Cognitive, and Multi-X Perspectives10 Sep 2022
- 2024Understanding Figurative Meaning through Explainable Visual Entailmentcited by 19
- 2024Can Large Multimodal Models Uncover Deep Semantics Behind Images?cited by 16
- 2024Can MLLMs Understand the Deep Implication Behind Chinese Images?cited by 14
- 2024What Are We Measuring When We Evaluate Large Vision-Language Models? An Analysis of Latent Factors and Biasescited by 13
- 2025Can Large Vision-Language Models Understand Multimodal Sarcasm?cited by 5
- 2025Beyond Single Frames: Can LMMs Comprehend Temporal and Contextual Narratives in Image Sequences?cited by 4
- 2025Seeing Sarcasm Through Different Eyes: Analyzing Multimodal Sarcasm Perception in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 4
- 2025Evaluating Open-Source Vision-Language Models for Multimodal Sarcasm Detectioncited by 3
- 2025Evaluating Open-Source Vision-Language Models for Multimodal Sarcasm Detection13 Oct 2025
- 2025Can Large Vision-Language Models Understand Multimodal Sarcasm?5 Aug 2025
- 2025Seeing Sarcasm Through Different Eyes: Analyzing Multimodal Sarcasm Perception in Large Vision-Language Models15 Mar 2025
- 2025Beyond Single Frames: Can LMMs Comprehend Temporal and Contextual Narratives in Image Sequences?19 Feb 2025
- 2024Can MLLMs Understand the Deep Implication Behind Chinese Images?17 Oct 2024
- 2024Understanding Figurative Meaning through Explainable Visual Entailment2 May 2024
- 2024What Are We Measuring When We Evaluate Large Vision-Language Models? An Analysis of Latent Factors and Biases3 Apr 2024
- 2024Can Large Multimodal Models Uncover Deep Semantics Behind Images?17 Feb 2024
- 2024We-Math: Does Your Large Multimodal Model Achieve Human-like Mathematical Reasoning?cited by 281
- 2025Let Androids Dream of Electric Sheep: A Human-Inspired Image Implication Understanding and Reasoning Frameworkcited by 5
- 2026ProCrit: Self-Elicited Multi-Perspective Reasoning with Critic-Guided Revision for Multimodal Sarcasm Detectioncited by 0
- 2026ProCrit: Self-Elicited Multi-Perspective Reasoning with Critic-Guided Revision for Multimodal Sarcasm Detection20 May 2026
- 2025Let Androids Dream of Electric Sheep: A Human-Inspired Image Implication Understanding and Reasoning Framework22 May 2025
- 2024We-Math: Does Your Large Multimodal Model Achieve Human-like Mathematical Reasoning?1 Jul 2024
- 2023Multi-source Semantic Graph-based Multimodal Sarcasm Explanation Generationcited by 19
- 2024A Survey of Multimodal Sarcasm Detectioncited by 19
- 2023Can Language Models Laugh at YouTube Short-form Videos?cited by 11
- 2022A Survey in Automatic Irony Processing: Linguistic, Cognitive, and Multi-X Perspectivescited by 6
- 2024Sentiment-enhanced Graph-based Sarcasm Explanation in Dialoguecited by 6
- 2024Mixture-of-Prompt-Experts for Multi-modal Semantic Understandingcited by 6
- 2024PunchBench: Benchmarking MLLMs in Multimodal Punchline Comprehensioncited by 5
- 2024VyAnG-Net: A Novel Multi-Modal Sarcasm Recognition Model by Uncovering Visual, Acoustic and Glossary Featurescited by 3
- 2025Target-Augmented Shared Fusion-based Multimodal Sarcasm Explanation Generationcited by 3
- 2023Cross-Attention is Not Enough: Incongruity-Aware Dynamic Hierarchical Fusion for Multimodal Affect Recognitioncited by 1
- 2024Think out Loud: Emotion Deducing Explanation in Dialoguescited by 1
- 2025CAuSE: Decoding Multimodal Classifiers using Faithful Natural Language Explanationcited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026MuVaC: A Variational Causal Framework for Multimodal Sarcasm Understanding in Dialogues28 Jan 2026
- 2025CAuSE: Decoding Multimodal Classifiers using Faithful Natural Language Explanation7 Dec 2025
- 2025Target-Augmented Shared Fusion-based Multimodal Sarcasm Explanation Generation11 Feb 2025
- 2024PunchBench: Benchmarking MLLMs in Multimodal Punchline Comprehension16 Dec 2024
- 2024A Survey of Multimodal Sarcasm Detection24 Oct 2024
- 2024VyAnG-Net: A Novel Multi-Modal Sarcasm Recognition Model by Uncovering Visual, Acoustic and Glossary Features5 Aug 2024
- 2024Think out Loud: Emotion Deducing Explanation in Dialogues7 Jun 2024
- 2024Mixture-of-Prompt-Experts for Multi-modal Semantic Understanding17 Mar 2024
- 2024Sentiment-enhanced Graph-based Sarcasm Explanation in Dialogue6 Feb 2024
- 2023Can Language Models Laugh at YouTube Short-form Videos?22 Oct 2023
- 2023Multi-source Semantic Graph-based Multimodal Sarcasm Explanation Generation29 Jun 2023
- 2023Cross-Attention is Not Enough: Incongruity-Aware Dynamic Hierarchical Fusion for Multimodal Affect Recognition23 May 2023
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)