RL4RS: A Real-World Dataset for Reinforcement Learning based Recommender System
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Reinforcement learning based recommender systems (RL-based RS) aim at learning a good policy from a batch of collected data, by casting recommendations to multi-step decision-making tasks. However, current RL-based RS research commonly has a large reality gap. In this paper, we introduce the first open-source real-world dataset, RL4RS, hoping to replace the artificial datasets and semi-simulated RS datasets previous studies used due to the resource limitation of the RL-based RS domain. Unlike academic RL research, RL-based RS suffers from the difficulties of being well-validated before deployment. We attempt to propose a new systematic evaluation framework, including evaluation of environment simulation, evaluation on environments, counterfactual policy evaluation, and evaluation on environments built from test set. In summary, the RL4RS (Reinforcement Learning for Recommender Systems), a new resource with special concerns on the reality gaps, contains two real-world datasets, data understanding tools, tuned simulation environments, related advanced RL baselines, batch RL baselines, and counterfactual policy evaluation algorithms. The RL4RS suite can be found at https://github.com/fuxiAIlab/RL4RS. In addition to the RL-based recommender systems, we expect the resource to contribute to research in applied reinforcement learning.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Oct 2021.
Builds on
32 of 55 references.
References · 32
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
- 2015Continuous control with deep reinforcement learningcited by 3,407
- 2013Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 3,274
- 2018Addressing Function Approximation Error in Actor-Critic Methodscited by 2,417
- 2016Asynchronous Methods for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 2,258
- 2020Conservative Q-Learning for Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,809
- 2021Decision Transformer: Reinforcement Learning via Sequence Modelingcited by 1,546
- 2020D4RL: Datasets for Deep Data-Driven Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,427
- 2018Datasheets for Datasetscited by 1,386
- 2018Off-Policy Deep Reinforcement Learning without Explorationcited by 1,241
- 2018DeepMind Control Suitecited by 956
20 more
- 2017Rainbow: Combining Improvements in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 786
- 2016Wide & Deep Learning for Recommender Systemscited by 747
- 2015Session-based Recommendations with Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 695
- 2020MOPO: Model-based Offline Policy Optimizationcited by 636
- 2021COMBO: Conservative Offline Model-Based Policy Optimizationcited by 370
- 2015Doubly Robust Off-policy Value Evaluation for Reinforcement Learningcited by 339
- 2018Deep Interest Evolution Network for Click-Through Rate Predictioncited by 338
- 2016Data-Efficient Off-Policy Policy Evaluation for Reinforcement Learningcited by 286
- 2018Top-K Off-Policy Correction for a REINFORCE Recommender Systemcited by 182
- 2015Deep Reinforcement Learning in Large Discrete Action Spacescited by 161
- 2019RecSim: A Configurable Simulation Platform for Recommender Systemscited by 94
- 2018Virtual-Taobao: Virtualizing Real-world Online Retail Environment for Reinforcement Learningcited by 80
- 2018RecoGym: A Reinforcement Learning Environment for the problem of Product Recommendation in Online Advertisingcited by 65
- 2018Generative Adversarial User Model for Reinforcement Learning Based Recommendation Systemcited by 64
- 2020RL Unplugged: A Suite of Benchmarks for Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 57
- 2018Horizon: Facebook's Open Source Applied Reinforcement Learning Platformcited by 48
- 2017Deep Reinforcement Learning for List-wise Recommendationscited by 35
- 2018Reinforcement Learning to Rank in E-Commerce Search Engine: Formalization, Analysis, and Applicationcited by 34
- 2019Model-Based Reinforcement Learning with Adversarial Training for Online Recommendationcited by 33
- 2019Exact-K Recommendation via Maximal Clique Optimizationcited by 14
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 2; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
5 papers.
- 2024SUBER: An RL Environment with Simulated Human Behavior for Recommender Systemscited by 11
- 2023Impression-Aware Recommender Systemscited by 1
- 2024Neural Click Models for Recommender Systemscited by 1
- 2025Causally-Informed Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive Emotion-Aware Social Media Recommendationcited by 1
- 2026Explainable Data-driven Deep Reinforcement Learning Methods for Optimal Energy Management in Buildingscited by 0
- 2026Explainable Data-driven Deep Reinforcement Learning Methods for Optimal Energy Management in Buildings1 Jun 2026
- 2025Causally-Informed Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive Emotion-Aware Social Media Recommendation1 Oct 2025
- 2024Neural Click Models for Recommender Systems30 Sep 2024
- 2024SUBER: An RL Environment with Simulated Human Behavior for Recommender Systems1 Jun 2024
- 2023Impression-Aware Recommender Systems15 Aug 2023
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024EasyRL4Rec: An Easy-to-use Library for Reinforcement Learning Based Recommender Systems
- 2023On the Opportunities and Challenges of Offline Reinforcement Learning for Recommender Systems
- 2025Reward Balancing Revisited: Enhancing Offline Reinforcement Learning for Recommender Systems
- 2023Robust Reinforcement Learning Objectives for Sequential Recommender Systems
- 2023Model-enhanced Contrastive Reinforcement Learning for Sequential Recommendation
- 2024ROLeR: Effective Reward Shaping in Offline Reinforcement Learning for Recommender Systems
- 2020Offline Meta-level Model-based Reinforcement Learning Approach for Cold-Start Recommendation
- 2025Energy-Guided Diffusion Sampling for Long-Term User Behavior Prediction in Reinforcement Learning-based Recommendation