Towards Protecting Face Embeddings in Mobile Face Verification Scenarios
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper proposes PolyProtect, a method for protecting the sensitive face embeddings that are used to represent people's faces in neural-network-based face verification systems. PolyProtect transforms a face embedding to a more secure template, using a mapping based on multivariate polynomials parameterised by user-specific coefficients and exponents. In this work, PolyProtect is evaluated on two open-source face recognition systems in a cooperative-user mobile face verification context, under the toughest threat model that assumes a fully-informed attacker with complete knowledge of the system and all its parameters. Results indicate that PolyProtect can be tuned to achieve a satisfactory trade-off between the recognition accuracy of the PolyProtected face verification system and the irreversibility of the PolyProtected templates. Furthermore, PolyProtected templates are shown to be effectively unlinkable, especially if the user-specific parameters employed in the PolyProtect mapping are selected in a non-naive manner. The evaluation is conducted using practical methodologies with tangible results, to present realistic insight into the method's robustness as a face embedding protection scheme in practice. This work is fully reproducible using the publicly available code at: https://gitlab.idiap.ch/bob/bob.paper.polyprotect_2021.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Oct 2021.
Builds on
7 of 30 references.
References · 7
- 2017On the Reconstruction of Face Images from Deep Face Templatescited by 67
- 2017Synthesizing Normalized Faces from Facial Identity Featurescited by 33
- 2018Secure Face Matching Using Fully Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 29
- 2020Beyond Identity: What Information Is Stored in Biometric Face Templates?cited by 23
- 2016Inverting face embeddings with convolutional neural networkscited by 22
- 2021Deep Face Fuzzy Vault: Implementation and Performancecited by 12
- 2019Zero-Shot Deep Hashing and Neural Network Based Error Correction for Face Template Protectioncited by 9
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 1; 2024: 4; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.
14 papers.
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- 2022An Overview of Privacy-enhancing Technologies in Biometric Recognitioncited by 17
- 2021Biometric Template Protection for Neural-Network-based Face Recognition Systems: A Survey of Methods and Evaluation Techniquescited by 11
- 2024SlerpFace: Face Template Protection via Spherical Linear Interpolationcited by 8
- 2022MLP-Hash: Protecting Face Templates via Hashing of Randomized Multi-Layer Perceptroncited by 5
- 2024Enhancing Privacy in Face Analytics Using Fully Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 3
- 2024Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition in Hybrid Frequency-Color Domaincited by 2
- 2025Securing Face and Fingerprint Templates in Humanitarian Biometric Systemscited by 2
- 2023Seeing is not Believing: An Identity Hider for Human Vision Privacy Protectioncited by 1
- 2026A Deeper Dive into the Irreversibility of PolyProtect: Making Protected Face Templates Harder to Invertcited by 1
- 2024Robust Skin Color Driven Privacy Preserving Face Recognition via Function Secret Sharingcited by 0
- 2025FaceCloak: Learning to Protect Face Templatescited by 0
- 2025Secure and Scalable Face Retrieval via Cancelable Product Quantizationcited by 0
- 2026Is it Possible to Generate Irreversible PolyProtected Templates from Face Embeddings using System-Specific Keys?1 Oct 2026
- 2026A Deeper Dive into the Irreversibility of PolyProtect: Making Protected Face Templates Harder to Invert5 May 2026
- 2026Realistic Face Reconstruction from Facial Embeddings via Diffusion Models13 Feb 2026
- 2025Secure and Scalable Face Retrieval via Cancelable Product Quantization31 Aug 2025
- 2025Securing Face and Fingerprint Templates in Humanitarian Biometric Systems25 Aug 2025
- 2025FaceCloak: Learning to Protect Face Templates8 Apr 2025
- 2024Robust Skin Color Driven Privacy Preserving Face Recognition via Function Secret Sharing6 Jul 2024
- 2024SlerpFace: Face Template Protection via Spherical Linear Interpolation3 Jul 2024
- 2024Enhancing Privacy in Face Analytics Using Fully Homomorphic Encryption24 Apr 2024
- 2024Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition in Hybrid Frequency-Color Domain24 Jan 2024
- 2023Seeing is not Believing: An Identity Hider for Human Vision Privacy Protection2 Jul 2023
- 2022An Overview of Privacy-enhancing Technologies in Biometric Recognition21 Jun 2022
- 2022An Overview of Privacy-enhancing Technologies in Biometric Recognitioncited by 17
- 2021Biometric Template Protection for Neural-Network-based Face Recognition Systems: A Survey of Methods and Evaluation Techniquescited by 11
- 2024SlerpFace: Face Template Protection via Spherical Linear Interpolationcited by 8
- 2022MLP-Hash: Protecting Face Templates via Hashing of Randomized Multi-Layer Perceptroncited by 5
- 2024Enhancing Privacy in Face Analytics Using Fully Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 3
- 2024Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition in Hybrid Frequency-Color Domaincited by 2
- 2025Securing Face and Fingerprint Templates in Humanitarian Biometric Systemscited by 2
- 2023Seeing is not Believing: An Identity Hider for Human Vision Privacy Protectioncited by 1
- 2026A Deeper Dive into the Irreversibility of PolyProtect: Making Protected Face Templates Harder to Invertcited by 1
- 2024Robust Skin Color Driven Privacy Preserving Face Recognition via Function Secret Sharingcited by 0
- 2025FaceCloak: Learning to Protect Face Templatescited by 0
- 2025Secure and Scalable Face Retrieval via Cancelable Product Quantizationcited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026Is it Possible to Generate Irreversible PolyProtected Templates from Face Embeddings using System-Specific Keys?1 Oct 2026
- 2026A Deeper Dive into the Irreversibility of PolyProtect: Making Protected Face Templates Harder to Invert5 May 2026
- 2025Secure and Scalable Face Retrieval via Cancelable Product Quantization31 Aug 2025
- 2025Securing Face and Fingerprint Templates in Humanitarian Biometric Systems25 Aug 2025
- 2025FaceCloak: Learning to Protect Face Templates8 Apr 2025
- 2024Robust Skin Color Driven Privacy Preserving Face Recognition via Function Secret Sharing6 Jul 2024
- 2024SlerpFace: Face Template Protection via Spherical Linear Interpolation3 Jul 2024
- 2024Enhancing Privacy in Face Analytics Using Fully Homomorphic Encryption24 Apr 2024
- 2024Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition in Hybrid Frequency-Color Domain24 Jan 2024
- 2023Seeing is not Believing: An Identity Hider for Human Vision Privacy Protection2 Jul 2023
- 2022An Overview of Privacy-enhancing Technologies in Biometric Recognition21 Jun 2022
- 2022MLP-Hash: Protecting Face Templates via Hashing of Randomized Multi-Layer Perceptron23 Apr 2022
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)