Secure Face Matching Using Fully Homomorphic Encryption
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Abstract (arXiv)
Face recognition technology has demonstrated tremendous progress over the past few years, primarily due to advances in representation learning. As we witness the widespread adoption of these systems, it is imperative to consider the security of face representations. In this paper, we explore the practicality of using a fully homomorphic encryption based framework to secure a database of face templates. This framework is designed to preserve the privacy of users and prevent information leakage from the templates, while maintaining their utility through template matching directly in the encrypted domain. Additionally, we also explore a batching and dimensionality reduction scheme to trade-off face matching accuracy and computational complexity. Experiments on benchmark face datasets (LFW, IJB-A, IJB-B, CASIA) indicate that secure face matching can be practically feasible (16 KB template size and 0.01 sec per match pair for 512-dimensional features from SphereFace) while exhibiting minimal loss in matching performance.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 May 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 5; 2023: 1; 2024: 5; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.
29 papers.
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- 2021Biometrics: Trust, but Verifycited by 39
- 2022Improving Federated Learning Face Recognition via Privacy-Agnostic Clusterscited by 18
- 2021Towards Protecting Face Embeddings in Mobile Face Verification Scenarioscited by 14
- 2021Deep Face Fuzzy Vault: Implementation and Performancecited by 12
- 2021Biometric Template Protection for Neural-Network-based Face Recognition Systems: A Survey of Methods and Evaluation Techniquescited by 11
- 2021IronMask: Modular Architecture for Protecting Deep Face Templatecited by 9
- 2022Minutiae-Guided Fingerprint Embeddings via Vision Transformerscited by 9
- 2024SlerpFace: Face Template Protection via Spherical Linear Interpolationcited by 8
- 2021Feature Fusion Methods for Indexing and Retrieval of Biometric Data: Application to Face Recognition with Privacy Protectioncited by 5
- 2022HEFT: Homomorphically Encrypted Fusion of Biometric Templatescited by 4
- 2024Enhancing Privacy in Face Analytics Using Fully Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 3
- 2025IDFace: Face Template Protection for Efficient and Secure Identificationcited by 3
17 more
- 2022Towards Privacy-Preserving, Real-Time and Lossless Feature Matchingcited by 2
- 2024Blind-Match: Efficient Homomorphic Encryption-Based 1:N Matching for Privacy-Preserving Biometric Identificationcited by 2
- 2025Securing Face and Fingerprint Templates in Humanitarian Biometric Systemscited by 2
- 2025CryptoFace: End-to-End Encrypted Face Recognitioncited by 2
- 2022FaRO 2: an Open Source, Configurable Smart City Framework for Real-Time Distributed Vision and Biometric Systemscited by 1
- 2024Deep Privacy Funnel Model: From a Discriminative to a Generative Approach with an Application to Face Recognitioncited by 1
- 2025CipherFace: A Fully Homomorphic Encryption-Driven Framework for Secure Cloud-Based Facial Recognitioncited by 1
- 2025AMB-FHE: Adaptive Multi-biometric Fusion with Fully Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 1
- 2026A Deeper Dive into the Irreversibility of PolyProtect: Making Protected Face Templates Harder to Invertcited by 1
- 2023ArctyrEX : Accelerated Encrypted Execution of General-Purpose Applicationscited by 0
- 2024Adaptive Hybrid Masking Strategy for Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition Against Model Inversion Attackcited by 0
- 2025FaceCloak: Learning to Protect Face Templatescited by 0
- 2025Privacy-preserving Preselection for Face Identification Based on Packingcited by 0
- 2025Training-free Dimensionality Reduction via Feature Truncation: Enhancing Efficiency in Privacy-preserving Multi-Biometric Systemscited by 0
- 2025Secure and Scalable Face Retrieval via Cancelable Product Quantizationcited by 0
- 2026Scalable Secure Biometric Authentication without Auxiliary Identifierscited by 0
- 2026Is it Possible to Generate Irreversible PolyProtected Templates from Face Embeddings using System-Specific Keys?cited by 0
- 2026Is it Possible to Generate Irreversible PolyProtected Templates from Face Embeddings using System-Specific Keys?1 Oct 2026
- 2026A Deeper Dive into the Irreversibility of PolyProtect: Making Protected Face Templates Harder to Invert5 May 2026
- 2026Scalable Secure Biometric Authentication without Auxiliary Identifiers27 Apr 2026
- 2025Secure and Scalable Face Retrieval via Cancelable Product Quantization31 Aug 2025
- 2025CryptoFace: End-to-End Encrypted Face Recognition30 Aug 2025
- 2025Securing Face and Fingerprint Templates in Humanitarian Biometric Systems25 Aug 2025
- 2025Training-free Dimensionality Reduction via Feature Truncation: Enhancing Efficiency in Privacy-preserving Multi-Biometric Systems15 Aug 2025
- 2025IDFace: Face Template Protection for Efficient and Secure Identification16 Jul 2025
- 2025Privacy-preserving Preselection for Face Identification Based on Packing3 Jul 2025
- 2025FaceCloak: Learning to Protect Face Templates8 Apr 2025
- 2025AMB-FHE: Adaptive Multi-biometric Fusion with Fully Homomorphic Encryption31 Mar 2025
- 2025CipherFace: A Fully Homomorphic Encryption-Driven Framework for Secure Cloud-Based Facial Recognition22 Feb 2025
17 more
- 2024Blind-Match: Efficient Homomorphic Encryption-Based 1:N Matching for Privacy-Preserving Biometric Identification12 Aug 2024
- 2024SlerpFace: Face Template Protection via Spherical Linear Interpolation3 Jul 2024
- 2024Enhancing Privacy in Face Analytics Using Fully Homomorphic Encryption24 Apr 2024
- 2024Deep Privacy Funnel Model: From a Discriminative to a Generative Approach with an Application to Face Recognition3 Apr 2024
- 2024Adaptive Hybrid Masking Strategy for Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition Against Model Inversion Attack14 Mar 2024
- 2023ArctyrEX : Accelerated Encrypted Execution of General-Purpose Applications19 Jun 2023
- 2022Minutiae-Guided Fingerprint Embeddings via Vision Transformers25 Oct 2022
- 2022FaRO 2: an Open Source, Configurable Smart City Framework for Real-Time Distributed Vision and Biometric Systems26 Sep 2022
- 2022HEFT: Homomorphically Encrypted Fusion of Biometric Templates15 Aug 2022
- 2022Towards Privacy-Preserving, Real-Time and Lossless Feature Matching30 Jul 2022
- 2022Improving Federated Learning Face Recognition via Privacy-Agnostic Clusters29 Jan 2022
- 2021Biometric Template Protection for Neural-Network-based Face Recognition Systems: A Survey of Methods and Evaluation Techniques11 Oct 2021
- 2021Towards Protecting Face Embeddings in Mobile Face Verification Scenarios1 Oct 2021
- 2021Feature Fusion Methods for Indexing and Retrieval of Biometric Data: Application to Face Recognition with Privacy Protection27 Jul 2021
- 2021Biometrics: Trust, but Verify14 May 2021
- 2021IronMask: Modular Architecture for Protecting Deep Face Template6 Apr 2021
- 2021Deep Face Fuzzy Vault: Implementation and Performance4 Feb 2021
- 2021Biometrics: Trust, but Verifycited by 39
- 2022Improving Federated Learning Face Recognition via Privacy-Agnostic Clusterscited by 18
- 2021Towards Protecting Face Embeddings in Mobile Face Verification Scenarioscited by 14
- 2021Deep Face Fuzzy Vault: Implementation and Performancecited by 12
- 2021Biometric Template Protection for Neural-Network-based Face Recognition Systems: A Survey of Methods and Evaluation Techniquescited by 11
- 2021IronMask: Modular Architecture for Protecting Deep Face Templatecited by 9
- 2022Minutiae-Guided Fingerprint Embeddings via Vision Transformerscited by 9
- 2024SlerpFace: Face Template Protection via Spherical Linear Interpolationcited by 8
- 2021Feature Fusion Methods for Indexing and Retrieval of Biometric Data: Application to Face Recognition with Privacy Protectioncited by 5
- 2022HEFT: Homomorphically Encrypted Fusion of Biometric Templatescited by 4
- 2024Enhancing Privacy in Face Analytics Using Fully Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 3
- 2025IDFace: Face Template Protection for Efficient and Secure Identificationcited by 3
12 most cited of 29 All 29 (JSON)
- 2026Is it Possible to Generate Irreversible PolyProtected Templates from Face Embeddings using System-Specific Keys?1 Oct 2026
- 2026A Deeper Dive into the Irreversibility of PolyProtect: Making Protected Face Templates Harder to Invert5 May 2026
- 2026Scalable Secure Biometric Authentication without Auxiliary Identifiers27 Apr 2026
- 2025Secure and Scalable Face Retrieval via Cancelable Product Quantization31 Aug 2025
- 2025CryptoFace: End-to-End Encrypted Face Recognition30 Aug 2025
- 2025Securing Face and Fingerprint Templates in Humanitarian Biometric Systems25 Aug 2025
- 2025Training-free Dimensionality Reduction via Feature Truncation: Enhancing Efficiency in Privacy-preserving Multi-Biometric Systems15 Aug 2025
- 2025IDFace: Face Template Protection for Efficient and Secure Identification16 Jul 2025
- 2025Privacy-preserving Preselection for Face Identification Based on Packing3 Jul 2025
- 2025FaceCloak: Learning to Protect Face Templates8 Apr 2025
- 2025AMB-FHE: Adaptive Multi-biometric Fusion with Fully Homomorphic Encryption31 Mar 2025
- 2025CipherFace: A Fully Homomorphic Encryption-Driven Framework for Secure Cloud-Based Facial Recognition22 Feb 2025
12 newest of 29 All 29 (JSON)