"How Robust r u?": Evaluating Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems on Spoken Conversations
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Abstract (arXiv)
Most prior work in dialogue modeling has been on written conversations mostly because of existing data sets. However, written dialogues are not sufficient to fully capture the nature of spoken conversations as well as the potential speech recognition errors in practical spoken dialogue systems. This work presents a new benchmark on spoken task-oriented conversations, which is intended to study multi-domain dialogue state tracking and knowledge-grounded dialogue modeling. We report that the existing state-of-the-art models trained on written conversations are not performing well on our spoken data, as expected. Furthermore, we observe improvements in task performances when leveraging n-best speech recognition hypotheses such as by combining predictions based on individual hypotheses. Our data set enables speech-based benchmarking of task-oriented dialogue systems.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Sep 2021.
Builds on
19 of 34 references.
References · 19
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2020wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representationscited by 3,853
- 2018MultiWOZ -- A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz Dataset for Task-Oriented Dialogue Modellingcited by 760
- 2019Towards Scalable Multi-domain Conversational Agents: The Schema-Guided Dialogue Datasetcited by 426
- 2016A Network-based End-to-End Trainable Task-oriented Dialogue Systemcited by 252
- 2020MultiWOZ 2.2 : A Dialogue Dataset with Additional Annotation Corrections and State Tracking Baselinescited by 201
- 2020TripPy: A Triple Copy Strategy for Value Independent Neural Dialog State Trackingcited by 130
- 2020DialoGLUE: A Natural Language Understanding Benchmark for Task-Oriented Dialoguecited by 89
- 2017Frames: A Corpus for Adding Memory to Goal-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 84
- 2020PLATO-2: Towards Building an Open-Domain Chatbot via Curriculum Learningcited by 79
- 2020Beyond Domain APIs: Task-oriented Conversational Modeling with Unstructured Knowledge Accesscited by 58
- 2020RADDLE: An Evaluation Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Robust Task-oriented Dialog Systemscited by 36
7 more
- 2020Joint Contextual Modeling for ASR Correction and Language Understandingcited by 30
- 2020Are Neural Open-Domain Dialog Systems Robust to Speech Recognition Errors in the Dialog History? An Empirical Studycited by 19
- 2020Data Augmentation for Training Dialog Models Robust to Speech Recognition Errorscited by 17
- 2020Adapting Pretrained Transformer to Lattices for Spoken Language Understandingcited by 12
- 2021Beyond Domain APIs: Task-oriented Conversational Modeling with Unstructured Knowledge Access Track in DSTC9cited by 10
- 2021Correcting Automated and Manual Speech Transcription Errors using Warped Language Modelscited by 8
- 2020Learning Spoken Language Representations with Neural Lattice Language Modelingcited by 6
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 9; 2023: 8; 2024: 7; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
30 papers.
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- 2022GEMv2: Multilingual NLG Benchmarking in a Single Line of Codecited by 36
- 2024Distilling an End-to-End Voice Assistant Without Instruction Training Datacited by 35
- 2022SPACE-3: Unified Dialog Model Pre-training for Task-Oriented Dialog Understanding and Generationcited by 34
- 2022SPACE-2: Tree-Structured Semi-Supervised Contrastive Pre-training for Task-Oriented Dialog Understandingcited by 28
- 2022"Do you follow me?": A Survey of Recent Approaches in Dialogue State Trackingcited by 22
- 2021TOD-DA: Towards Boosting the Robustness of Task-oriented Dialogue Modeling on Spoken Conversationscited by 11
- 2022KETOD: Knowledge-Enriched Task-Oriented Dialoguecited by 11
- 2024Are LLMs Robust for Spoken Dialogues?cited by 7
- 2024Should We Fine-Tune or RAG? Evaluating Different Techniques to Adapt LLMs for Dialoguecited by 7
- 2023"What do others think?": Task-Oriented Conversational Modeling with Subjective Knowledgecited by 6
- 2025Measuring the Effect of Transcription Noise on Downstream Language Understanding Taskscited by 6
- 2021Adapting Document-Grounded Dialog Systems to Spoken Conversations using Data Augmentation and a Noisy Channel Modelcited by 5
18 more
- 2023Fillers in Spoken Language Understanding: Computational and Psycholinguistic Perspectivescited by 5
- 2023OLISIA: a Cascade System for Spoken Dialogue State Trackingcited by 5
- 2022Information Extraction and Human-Robot Dialogue towards Real-life Tasks: A Baseline Study with the MobileCS Datasetcited by 4
- 2023Task-oriented Document-Grounded Dialog Systems by HLTPR@RWTH for DSTC9 and DSTC10cited by 4
- 2022Controllable Factuality in Document-Grounded Dialog Systems Using a Noisy Channel Modelcited by 3
- 2023UniPCM: Universal Pre-trained Conversation Model with Task-aware Automatic Promptcited by 3
- 2022Tokenwise Contrastive Pretraining for Finer Speech-to-BERT Alignment in End-to-End Speech-to-Intent Systemscited by 2
- 2023Adapting Text-based Dialogue State Tracker for Spoken Dialoguescited by 2
- 2024Enhancing Dialogue Speech Recognition with Robust Contextual Awareness via Noise Representation Learningcited by 2
- 2024Task Oriented Dialogue as a Catalyst for Self-Supervised Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 1
- 2024Speak & Spell: LLM-Driven Controllable Phonetic Error Augmentation for Robust Dialogue State Trackingcited by 1
- 2026SpokenUS: A Spoken User Simulator for Task-Oriented Dialoguecited by 1
- 2022External Knowledge Selection with Weighted Negative Sampling in Knowledge-grounded Task-oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 0
- 2023Are cascade dialogue state tracking models speaking out of turn in spoken dialogues?cited by 0
- 2023Evaluating Robustness of Dialogue Summarization Models in the Presence of Naturally Occurring Variationscited by 0
- 2024Data Augmentation Integrating Dialogue Flow and Style to Adapt Spoken Dialogue Systems to Low-Resource User Groupscited by 0
- 2025RealTalk-CN: A Realistic Chinese Speech-Text Dialogue Benchmark With Cross-Modal Interaction Analysiscited by 0
- 2026Dial HEALTHDIAL for Advice: A Multilingual and Multi-Parallel Spoken Dialogue Dataset for Knowledge-Grounded Information Seekingcited by 0
- 2026Dial HEALTHDIAL for Advice: A Multilingual and Multi-Parallel Spoken Dialogue Dataset for Knowledge-Grounded Information Seeking28 May 2026
- 2026SpokenUS: A Spoken User Simulator for Task-Oriented Dialogue17 Mar 2026
- 2025RealTalk-CN: A Realistic Chinese Speech-Text Dialogue Benchmark With Cross-Modal Interaction Analysis6 Aug 2025
- 2025Measuring the Effect of Transcription Noise on Downstream Language Understanding Tasks19 Feb 2025
- 2024Distilling an End-to-End Voice Assistant Without Instruction Training Data3 Oct 2024
- 2024Speak & Spell: LLM-Driven Controllable Phonetic Error Augmentation for Robust Dialogue State Tracking10 Sep 2024
- 2024Data Augmentation Integrating Dialogue Flow and Style to Adapt Spoken Dialogue Systems to Low-Resource User Groups20 Aug 2024
- 2024Enhancing Dialogue Speech Recognition with Robust Contextual Awareness via Noise Representation Learning12 Aug 2024
- 2024Should We Fine-Tune or RAG? Evaluating Different Techniques to Adapt LLMs for Dialogue10 Jun 2024
- 2024Task Oriented Dialogue as a Catalyst for Self-Supervised Automatic Speech Recognition4 Jan 2024
- 2024Are LLMs Robust for Spoken Dialogues?4 Jan 2024
- 2023Evaluating Robustness of Dialogue Summarization Models in the Presence of Naturally Occurring Variations15 Nov 2023
18 more
- 2023Are cascade dialogue state tracking models speaking out of turn in spoken dialogues?3 Nov 2023
- 2023UniPCM: Universal Pre-trained Conversation Model with Task-aware Automatic Prompt20 Sep 2023
- 2023Adapting Text-based Dialogue State Tracker for Spoken Dialogues29 Aug 2023
- 2023"What do others think?": Task-Oriented Conversational Modeling with Subjective Knowledge20 May 2023
- 2023OLISIA: a Cascade System for Spoken Dialogue State Tracking20 Apr 2023
- 2023Task-oriented Document-Grounded Dialog Systems by HLTPR@RWTH for DSTC9 and DSTC1014 Apr 2023
- 2023Fillers in Spoken Language Understanding: Computational and Psycholinguistic Perspectives25 Jan 2023
- 2022Controllable Factuality in Document-Grounded Dialog Systems Using a Noisy Channel Model31 Oct 2022
- 2022Information Extraction and Human-Robot Dialogue towards Real-life Tasks: A Baseline Study with the MobileCS Dataset27 Sep 2022
- 2022SPACE-3: Unified Dialog Model Pre-training for Task-Oriented Dialog Understanding and Generation14 Sep 2022
- 2022SPACE-2: Tree-Structured Semi-Supervised Contrastive Pre-training for Task-Oriented Dialog Understanding14 Sep 2022
- 2022External Knowledge Selection with Weighted Negative Sampling in Knowledge-grounded Task-oriented Dialogue Systems6 Sep 2022
- 2022"Do you follow me?": A Survey of Recent Approaches in Dialogue State Tracking29 Jul 2022
- 2022GEMv2: Multilingual NLG Benchmarking in a Single Line of Code22 Jun 2022
- 2022KETOD: Knowledge-Enriched Task-Oriented Dialogue11 May 2022
- 2022Tokenwise Contrastive Pretraining for Finer Speech-to-BERT Alignment in End-to-End Speech-to-Intent Systems11 Apr 2022
- 2021TOD-DA: Towards Boosting the Robustness of Task-oriented Dialogue Modeling on Spoken Conversations23 Dec 2021
- 2021Adapting Document-Grounded Dialog Systems to Spoken Conversations using Data Augmentation and a Noisy Channel Model16 Dec 2021
- 2022GEMv2: Multilingual NLG Benchmarking in a Single Line of Codecited by 36
- 2024Distilling an End-to-End Voice Assistant Without Instruction Training Datacited by 35
- 2022SPACE-3: Unified Dialog Model Pre-training for Task-Oriented Dialog Understanding and Generationcited by 34
- 2022SPACE-2: Tree-Structured Semi-Supervised Contrastive Pre-training for Task-Oriented Dialog Understandingcited by 28
- 2022"Do you follow me?": A Survey of Recent Approaches in Dialogue State Trackingcited by 22
- 2021TOD-DA: Towards Boosting the Robustness of Task-oriented Dialogue Modeling on Spoken Conversationscited by 11
- 2022KETOD: Knowledge-Enriched Task-Oriented Dialoguecited by 11
- 2024Are LLMs Robust for Spoken Dialogues?cited by 7
- 2024Should We Fine-Tune or RAG? Evaluating Different Techniques to Adapt LLMs for Dialoguecited by 7
- 2023"What do others think?": Task-Oriented Conversational Modeling with Subjective Knowledgecited by 6
- 2025Measuring the Effect of Transcription Noise on Downstream Language Understanding Taskscited by 6
- 2021Adapting Document-Grounded Dialog Systems to Spoken Conversations using Data Augmentation and a Noisy Channel Modelcited by 5
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
- 2026Dial HEALTHDIAL for Advice: A Multilingual and Multi-Parallel Spoken Dialogue Dataset for Knowledge-Grounded Information Seeking28 May 2026
- 2026SpokenUS: A Spoken User Simulator for Task-Oriented Dialogue17 Mar 2026
- 2025RealTalk-CN: A Realistic Chinese Speech-Text Dialogue Benchmark With Cross-Modal Interaction Analysis6 Aug 2025
- 2025Measuring the Effect of Transcription Noise on Downstream Language Understanding Tasks19 Feb 2025
- 2024Distilling an End-to-End Voice Assistant Without Instruction Training Data3 Oct 2024
- 2024Speak & Spell: LLM-Driven Controllable Phonetic Error Augmentation for Robust Dialogue State Tracking10 Sep 2024
- 2024Data Augmentation Integrating Dialogue Flow and Style to Adapt Spoken Dialogue Systems to Low-Resource User Groups20 Aug 2024
- 2024Enhancing Dialogue Speech Recognition with Robust Contextual Awareness via Noise Representation Learning12 Aug 2024
- 2024Should We Fine-Tune or RAG? Evaluating Different Techniques to Adapt LLMs for Dialogue10 Jun 2024
- 2024Task Oriented Dialogue as a Catalyst for Self-Supervised Automatic Speech Recognition4 Jan 2024
- 2024Are LLMs Robust for Spoken Dialogues?4 Jan 2024
- 2023Evaluating Robustness of Dialogue Summarization Models in the Presence of Naturally Occurring Variations15 Nov 2023
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)