mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Debiasing Methods in Natural Language Understanding Make Bias More Accessible

arXiv 2109.04095 ↗First posted 9 Sep 2021cs.CLcited by 17

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Abstract (arXiv)

Model robustness to bias is often determined by the generalization on carefully designed out-of-distribution datasets. Recent debiasing methods in natural language understanding (NLU) improve performance on such datasets by pressuring models into making unbiased predictions. An underlying assumption behind such methods is that this also leads to the discovery of more robust features in the model's inner representations. We propose a general probing-based framework that allows for post-hoc interpretation of biases in language models, and use an information-theoretic approach to measure the extractability of certain biases from the model's representations. We experiment with several NLU datasets and known biases, and show that, counter-intuitively, the more a language model is pushed towards a debiased regime, the more bias is actually encoded in its inner representations.

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Sep 2021.

Builds on

25 of 28 references.

References · 25

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,076
  3. 2017A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for Sentence Understanding through Inferencecited by 2,665
  4. 2020Shortcut Learning in Deep Neural Networkscited by 1,928
  5. 2015A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inferencecited by 1,837
  6. 2018FEVER: a large-scale dataset for Fact Extraction and VERificationcited by 1,362
  7. 2016Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biasescited by 894
  8. 2019Right for the Wrong Reasons: Diagnosing Syntactic Heuristics in Natural Language Inferencecited by 864
  9. 2021Probing Classifiers: Promises, Shortcomings, and Advancescited by 831
  10. 2018Annotation Artifacts in Natural Language Inference Datacited by 656
  11. 2019Designing and Interpreting Probes with Control Taskscited by 608
  12. 2018What you can cram into a single vector: Probing sentence embeddings for linguistic propertiescited by 452
13 more
  1. 2018Hypothesis Only Baselines in Natural Language Inferencecited by 291
  2. 2019Don't Take the Easy Way Out: Ensemble Based Methods for Avoiding Known Dataset Biasescited by 279
  3. 2018Analysis Methods in Neural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 276
  4. 2019Lipstick on a Pig: Debiasing Methods Cover up Systematic Gender Biases in Word Embeddings But do not Remove Themcited by 268
  5. 2020Information-Theoretic Probing with Minimum Description Lengthcited by 230
  6. 2016Fine-grained Analysis of Sentence Embeddings Using Auxiliary Prediction Taskscited by 216
  7. 2019Towards Debiasing Fact Verification Modelscited by 143
  8. 2019End-to-End Bias Mitigation by Modelling Biases in Corporacited by 127
  9. 2019Unlearn Dataset Bias in Natural Language Inference by Fitting the Residualcited by 119
  10. 2020Towards Debiasing NLU Models from Unknown Biasescited by 116
  11. 2019BERTs of a feather do not generalize together: Large variability in generalization across models with similar test set performancecited by 89
  12. 2020Mind the Trade-off: Debiasing NLU Models without Degrading the In-distribution Performancecited by 85
  13. 2020Learning from others' mistakes: Avoiding dataset biases without modeling themcited by 83

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 4; 2024: 1; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.

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  1. 2022Shortcut Learning of Large Language Models in Natural Language Understandingcited by 83
  2. 2024InjecGuard: Benchmarking and Mitigating Over-defense in Prompt Injection Guardrail Modelscited by 36
  3. 2022Are All Spurious Features in Natural Language Alike? An Analysis through a Causal Lenscited by 28
  4. 2023Sociodemographic Bias in Language Models: A Survey and Forward Pathcited by 27
  5. 2023Shielded Representations: Protecting Sensitive Attributes Through Iterative Gradient-Based Projectioncited by 25
  6. 2022BLIND: Bias Removal With No Demographicscited by 22
  7. 2022How Gender Debiasing Affects Internal Model Representations, and Why It Matterscited by 12
  8. 2022Feature-Level Debiased Natural Language Understandingcited by 10
  9. 2023Unlocking Bias Detection: Leveraging Transformer-Based Models for Content Analysiscited by 4
  10. 2022Looking at the Overlooked: An Analysis on the Word-Overlap Bias in Natural Language Inferencecited by 3
  11. 2025Mitigating Shortcut Learning with InterpoLated Learningcited by 2
  12. 2025Uncertainty Quantification for Evaluating Machine Translation Biascited by 2
5 more
  1. 2025Do Students Debias Like Teachers? On the Distillability of Bias Mitigation Methodscited by 2
  2. 2025Gender Encoding Patterns in Pretrained Language Model Representationscited by 1
  3. 2023Implicit Design Choices and Their Impact on Emotion Recognition Model Development and Evaluationcited by 0
  4. 2025FairFlow: Mitigating Dataset Biases through Undecided Learningcited by 0
  5. 2026Bias Dynamics in BabyLMs: Towards a Compute-Efficient Sandbox for Democratising Pre-Training Debiasingcited by 0