mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Bag of Instances Aggregation Boosts Self-supervised Distillation

arXiv 2107.01691 ↗First posted 4 Jul 2021cs.CVcited by 22

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent advances in self-supervised learning have experienced remarkable progress, especially for contrastive learning based methods, which regard each image as well as its augmentations as an individual class and try to distinguish them from all other images. However, due to the large quantity of exemplars, this kind of pretext task intrinsically suffers from slow convergence and is hard for optimization. This is especially true for small-scale models, in which we find the performance drops dramatically comparing with its supervised counterpart. In this paper, we propose a simple but effective distillation strategy for unsupervised learning. The highlight is that the relationship among similar samples counts and can be seamlessly transferred to the student to boost the performance. Our method, termed as BINGO, which is short for Bag of InstaNces aGgregatiOn, targets at transferring the relationship learned by the teacher to the student. Here bag of instances indicates a set of similar samples constructed by the teacher and are grouped within a bag, and the goal of distillation is to aggregate compact representations over the student with respect to instances in a bag. Notably, BINGO achieves new state-of-the-art performance on small-scale models, i.e., 65.5% and 68.9% top-1 accuracies with linear evaluation on ImageNet, using ResNet-18 and ResNet-34 as the backbones respectively, surpassing baselines (52.5% and 57.4% top-1 accuracies) by a significant margin. The code is available at https://github.com/haohang96/bingo.

Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Jul 2021.

Builds on

28 of 36 references.

References · 28

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  3. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  4. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,076
  5. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
  6. 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
  7. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
  8. 2020Bootstrap your own latent: A new approach to self-supervised Learningcited by 4,712
  9. 2016DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFscited by 3,239
  10. 2020Unsupervised Learning of Visual Features by Contrasting Cluster Assignmentscited by 2,845
  11. 2020Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 2,803
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16 more
  1. 2014FitNets: Hints for Thin Deep Netscited by 1,619
  2. 2018Unsupervised Representation Learning by Predicting Image Rotationscited by 1,586
  3. 2016Context Encoders: Feature Learning by Inpaintingcited by 1,424
  4. 2016Unsupervised Learning of Visual Representations by Solving Jigsaw Puzzlescited by 1,379
  5. 2020Big Self-Supervised Models are Strong Semi-Supervised Learnerscited by 1,375
  6. 2016Colorful Image Colorizationcited by 1,113
  7. 2016Paying More Attention to Attention: Improving the Performance of Convolutional Neural Networks via Attention Transfercited by 1,059
  8. 2019Relational Knowledge Distillationcited by 873
  9. 2019Contrastive Representation Distillationcited by 734
  10. 2021With a Little Help from My Friends: Nearest-Neighbor Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 324
  11. 2020Knowledge Distillation Meets Self-Supervisioncited by 142
  12. 2021SEED: Self-supervised Distillation For Visual Representationcited by 132
  13. 2021Rethinking Soft Labels for Knowledge Distillation: A Bias-Variance Tradeoff Perspectivecited by 116
  14. 2020OBoW: Online Bag-of-Visual-Words Generation for Self-Supervised Learningcited by 65
  15. 2020CompRess: Self-Supervised Learning by Compressing Representationscited by 61
  16. 2021DisCo: Remedy Self-supervised Learning on Lightweight Models with Distilled Contrastive Learningcited by 26

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Citing papers per year: 2022: 7; 2023: 3; 2024: 7; 2025: 5.

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  1. 2022Masked Video Distillation: Rethinking Masked Feature Modeling for Self-supervised Video Representation Learningcited by 90
  2. 2023Know Your Self-supervised Learning: A Survey on Image-based Generative and Discriminative Trainingcited by 39
  3. 2023New Insights for the Stability-Plasticity Dilemma in Online Continual Learningcited by 16
  4. 2022Dual Contrastive Learning for Spatio-temporal Representationcited by 15
  5. 2023A Simple Recipe for Competitive Low-compute Self supervised Vision Modelscited by 10
  6. 2022Towards Sustainable Self-supervised Learningcited by 8
  7. 2022Pixel-Wise Contrastive Distillationcited by 5
  8. 2024Simple Unsupervised Knowledge Distillation With Space Similaritycited by 5
  9. 2022Slimmable Networks for Contrastive Self-supervised Learningcited by 4
  10. 2022Weak Augmentation Guided Relational Self-Supervised Learningcited by 3
  11. 2022Establishing a stronger baseline for lightweight contrastive modelscited by 3
  12. 2024On Good Practices for Task-Specific Distillation of Large Pretrained Visual Modelscited by 3
10 more
  1. 2024Multi-Token Enhancing for Vision Representation Learningcited by 3
  2. 2024Lightweight Model Pre-training via Language Guided Knowledge Distillationcited by 1
  3. 2025Simple yet Effective Semi-supervised Knowledge Distillation from Vision-Language Models via Dual-Head Optimizationcited by 1
  4. 2025UHKD: A Unified Framework for Heterogeneous Knowledge Distillation via Frequency-Domain Representationscited by 1
  5. 2024The Bad Batches: Enhancing Self-Supervised Learning in Image Classification Through Representative Batch Curationcited by 0
  6. 2024On the Surprising Efficacy of Distillation as an Alternative to Pre-Training Small Modelscited by 0
  7. 2024Retro: Reusing teacher projection head for efficient embedding distillation on Lightweight Models via Self-supervised Learningcited by 0
  8. 2025PCoreSet: Effective Active Learning through Knowledge Distillation from Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
  9. 2025Efficient Mathematical Reasoning Models via Dynamic Pruning and Knowledge Distillationcited by 0
  10. 2025PSMamba: Progressive Self-supervised Vision Mamba for Plant Disease Recognitioncited by 0