mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

AutoLoss: Automated Loss Function Search in Recommendations

arXiv 2106.06713 ↗First posted 12 Jun 2021cs.IR cs.AI cs.LGcited by 31

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Abstract (arXiv)

Designing an effective loss function plays a crucial role in training deep recommender systems. Most existing works often leverage a predefined and fixed loss function that could lead to suboptimal recommendation quality and training efficiency. Some recent efforts rely on exhaustively or manually searched weights to fuse a group of candidate loss functions, which is exceptionally costly in computation and time. They also neglect the various convergence behaviors of different data examples. In this work, we propose an AutoLoss framework that can automatically and adaptively search for the appropriate loss function from a set of candidates. To be specific, we develop a novel controller network, which can dynamically adjust the loss probabilities in a differentiable manner. Unlike existing algorithms, the proposed controller can adaptively generate the loss probabilities for different data examples according to their varied convergence behaviors. Such design improves the model's generalizability and transferability between deep recommender systems and datasets. We evaluate the proposed framework on two benchmark datasets. The results show that AutoLoss outperforms representative baselines. Further experiments have been conducted to deepen our understandings of AutoLoss, including its transferability, components and training efficiency.

Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 43 of its 68 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Jun 2021.

Builds on

43 of 68 references.

References · 43

  1. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  2. 2016Categorical Reparameterization with Gumbel-Softmaxcited by 2,708
  3. 2018DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Searchcited by 1,782
  4. 2018Efficient Neural Architecture Search via Parameter Sharingcited by 831
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  6. 2019Panoptic Feature Pyramid Networkscited by 644
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31 more
  1. 2016Product-based Neural Networks for User Response Predictioncited by 145
  2. 2019MeLU: Meta-Learned User Preference Estimator for Cold-Start Recommendationcited by 119
  3. 2018Deep Reinforcement Learning for Page-wise Recommendationscited by 99
  4. 2016Improved Recurrent Neural Networks for Session-based Recommendationscited by 86
  5. 2021Towards Long-term Fairness in Recommendationcited by 77
  6. 2018Recommendations with Negative Feedback via Pairwise Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 71
  7. 2020AutoFIS: Automatic Feature Interaction Selection in Factorization Models for Click-Through Rate Predictioncited by 52
  8. 2021Automated Self-Supervised Learning for Graphscited by 50
  9. 2020AutoEmb: Automated Embedding Dimensionality Search in Streaming Recommendationscited by 47
  10. 2019DEAR: Deep Reinforcement Learning for Online Advertising Impression in Recommender Systemscited by 44
  11. 2021Learnable Embedding Sizes for Recommender Systemscited by 42
  12. 2019Mixed Dimension Embeddings with Application to Memory-Efficient Recommendation Systemscited by 41
  13. 2019AutoCross: Automatic Feature Crossing for Tabular Data in Real-World Applicationscited by 39
  14. 2019Neural Input Search for Large Scale Recommendation Modelscited by 39
  15. 2020Towards Automated Neural Interaction Discovery for Click-Through Rate Predictioncited by 37
  16. 2019Security and Privacy on Blockchaincited by 32
  17. 2020Feature Interaction Interpretability: A Case for Explaining Ad-Recommendation Systems via Neural Interaction Detectioncited by 32
  18. 2020Attacking Black-box Recommendations via Copying Cross-domain User Profilescited by 31
  19. 2019AM-LFS: AutoML for Loss Function Searchcited by 29
  20. 2018SphereReID: Deep Hypersphere Manifold Embedding for Person Re-Identificationcited by 27
  21. 2019Distance Map Loss Penalty Term for Semantic Segmentationcited by 27
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  23. 2020Learning Multi-granular Quantized Embeddings for Large-Vocab Categorical Features in Recommender Systemscited by 24
  24. 2020Neural Interactive Collaborative Filteringcited by 24
  25. 2020Loss Function Search for Face Recognitioncited by 22
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  27. 2020Differentiable Neural Input Search for Recommender Systemscited by 16
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 8; 2023: 7; 2024: 6; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.

31 papers.

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  1. 2023Recommender Systems in the Era of Large Language Models (LLMs)cited by 188
  2. 2025RouterEval: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Routing LLMs to Explore Model-level Scaling Up in LLMscited by 58
  3. 2021Graph Trend Filtering Networks for Recommendationscited by 53
  4. 2022AutoField: Automating Feature Selection in Deep Recommender Systemscited by 30
  5. 2023IMF: Interactive Multimodal Fusion Model for Link Predictioncited by 28
  6. 2022Disentangled Contrastive Learning for Social Recommendationcited by 27
  7. 2022Knowledge-enhanced Black-box Attacks for Recommendationscited by 25
  8. 2023AutoMLP: Automated MLP for Sequential Recommendationscited by 25
  9. 2021Jointly Attacking Graph Neural Network and its Explanationscited by 18
  10. 2021Memorize, Factorize, or be Na"ive: Learning Optimal Feature Interaction Methods for CTR Predictioncited by 12
  11. 2022AutoLossGen: Automatic Loss Function Generation for Recommender Systemscited by 10
  12. 2023AutoSTL: Automated Spatio-Temporal Multi-Task Learningcited by 10
19 more
  1. 2024ERASE: Benchmarking Feature Selection Methods for Deep Recommender Systemscited by 9
  2. 2024PSL: Rethinking and Improving Softmax Loss from Pairwise Perspective for Recommendationcited by 9
  3. 2023Toward a Better Understanding of Loss Functions for Collaborative Filteringcited by 8
  4. 2024OptDist: Learning Optimal Distribution for Customer Lifetime Value Predictioncited by 8
  5. 2022Automated Graph Self-supervised Learning via Multi-teacher Knowledge Distillationcited by 6
  6. 2022Consensus Learning from Heterogeneous Objectives for One-Class Collaborative Filteringcited by 5
  7. 2023BSL: Understanding and Improving Softmax Loss for Recommendationcited by 5
  8. 2024Automated Contrastive Learning Strategy Search for Time Seriescited by 5
  9. 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Automated Machine Learning for Recommendationscited by 4
  10. 2024DNS-Rec: Data-aware Neural Architecture Search for Recommender Systemscited by 4
  11. 2023ColdNAS: Search to Modulate for User Cold-Start Recommendationcited by 3
  12. 2026RecHarness: A Bandit-Routed Agentic Harness for Self-Evolving Recommender Systemscited by 3
  13. 2025DANCE: Resource-Efficient Neural Architecture Search with Data-Aware and Continuous Adaptationcited by 2
  14. 2025Prompt-Based LLMs for Position Bias-Aware Reranking in Personalized Recommendationscited by 1
  15. 2021Predicting Disease Progress with Imprecise Lab Test Resultscited by 0
  16. 2022SPR:Supervised Personalized Ranking Based on Prior Knowledge for Recommendationcited by 0
  17. 2024Multi-Margin Cosine Loss: Proposal and Application in Recommender Systemscited by 0
  18. 2025Renormalization Group Guided Tensor Network Structure Searchcited by 0
  19. 2026Bi-NAS: Towards Effective and Personalized Explanation for Recommender Systems via Bi-Level Neural Architecture Searchcited by 0