Jointly Learning to Recommend and Advertise
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Abstract (arXiv)
Online recommendation and advertising are two major income channels for online recommendation platforms (e.g. e-commerce and news feed site). However, most platforms optimize recommending and advertising strategies by different teams separately via different techniques, which may lead to suboptimal overall performances. To this end, in this paper, we propose a novel two-level reinforcement learning framework to jointly optimize the recommending and advertising strategies, where the first level generates a list of recommendations to optimize user experience in the long run; then the second level inserts ads into the recommendation list that can balance the immediate advertising revenue from advertisers and the negative influence of ads on long-term user experience. To be specific, the first level tackles high combinatorial action space problem that selects a subset items from the large item space; while the second level determines three internally related tasks, i.e., (i) whether to insert an ad, and if yes, (ii) the optimal ad and (iii) the optimal location to insert. The experimental results based on real-world data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. We have released the implementation code to ease reproductivity.
Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 28 Feb 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 7; 2023: 4; 2024: 0; 2025: 7; 2026: 4.
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- 2021AutoLoss: Automated Loss Function Search in Recommendationscited by 31
- 2025A Survey of Personalization: From RAG to Agentcited by 26
- 2025Generative Auto-Bidding with Value-Guided Explorationscited by 23
- 2021A Survey of Deep Reinforcement Learning in Recommender Systems: A Systematic Review and Future Directionscited by 19
- 2021Cross DQN: Cross Deep Q Network for Ads Allocation in Feedcited by 18
- 2023A General Offline Reinforcement Learning Framework for Interactive Recommendationcited by 18
- 2021User Response Prediction in Online Advertisingcited by 15
- 2022Modeling Attrition in Recommender Systems with Departing Banditscited by 11
- 2021Recommendation Fairness: From Static to Dynamiccited by 10
- 2022ResAct: Reinforcing Long-term Engagement in Sequential Recommendation with Residual Actorcited by 10
- 2022Deep Page-Level Interest Network in Reinforcement Learning for Ads Allocationcited by 8
- 2022Hierarchically Constrained Adaptive Ad Exposure in Feedscited by 6
15 more
- 2022Hybrid Transfer in Deep Reinforcement Learning for Ads Allocationcited by 5
- 2025SampleLLM: Optimizing Tabular Data Synthesis in Recommendationscited by 4
- 2022Learning List-wise Representation in Reinforcement Learning for Ads Allocation with Multiple Auxiliary Taskscited by 3
- 2023RL-MPCA: A Reinforcement Learning Based Multi-Phase Computation Allocation Approach for Recommender Systemscited by 3
- 2026Exploring Recommender System Evaluation: A Multi-Modal User Agent Framework for A/B Testingcited by 3
- 2025DARLR: Dual-Agent Offline Reinforcement Learning for Recommender Systems with Dynamic Rewardcited by 2
- 2025Multi-task Offline Reinforcement Learning for Online Advertising in Recommender Systemscited by 2
- 2023MDDL: A Framework for Reinforcement Learning-based Position Allocation in Multi-Channel Feedcited by 1
- 2025Deep Reinforcement Learning for Ranking Utility Tuning in the Ad Recommender System at Pinterestcited by 1
- 2022Fair Effect Attribution in Parallel Online Experimentscited by 0
- 2023Towards Validating Long-Term User Feedbacks in Interactive Recommendation Systemscited by 0
- 2025MaRCA: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Computation Allocation in Large-Scale Recommender Systemscited by 0
- 2026C2:Cross learning module enhanced decision transformer with Constraint-aware loss for auto-biddingcited by 0
- 2026One Model, Two Markets: Bid-Aware Generative Recommendationcited by 0
- 2026Constrained user-item allocation for e-commerce marketing campaignscited by 0
- 2026Constrained user-item allocation for e-commerce marketing campaigns8 Jun 2026
- 2026One Model, Two Markets: Bid-Aware Generative Recommendation23 Mar 2026
- 2026C2:Cross learning module enhanced decision transformer with Constraint-aware loss for auto-bidding28 Jan 2026
- 2026Exploring Recommender System Evaluation: A Multi-Modal User Agent Framework for A/B Testing8 Jan 2026
- 2025MaRCA: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Computation Allocation in Large-Scale Recommender Systems30 Dec 2025
- 2025Deep Reinforcement Learning for Ranking Utility Tuning in the Ad Recommender System at Pinterest5 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-task Offline Reinforcement Learning for Online Advertising in Recommender Systems29 Jun 2025
- 2025DARLR: Dual-Agent Offline Reinforcement Learning for Recommender Systems with Dynamic Reward12 May 2025
- 2025Generative Auto-Bidding with Value-Guided Explorations20 Apr 2025
- 2025A Survey of Personalization: From RAG to Agent14 Apr 2025
- 2025SampleLLM: Optimizing Tabular Data Synthesis in Recommendations27 Jan 2025
- 2023RL-MPCA: A Reinforcement Learning Based Multi-Phase Computation Allocation Approach for Recommender Systems27 Dec 2023
15 more
- 2023A General Offline Reinforcement Learning Framework for Interactive Recommendation1 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards Validating Long-Term User Feedbacks in Interactive Recommendation Systems22 Aug 2023
- 2023MDDL: A Framework for Reinforcement Learning-based Position Allocation in Multi-Channel Feed17 Apr 2023
- 2022Fair Effect Attribution in Parallel Online Experiments15 Oct 2022
- 2022ResAct: Reinforcing Long-term Engagement in Sequential Recommendation with Residual Actor1 Jun 2022
- 2022Hierarchically Constrained Adaptive Ad Exposure in Feeds31 May 2022
- 2022Hybrid Transfer in Deep Reinforcement Learning for Ads Allocation2 Apr 2022
- 2022Learning List-wise Representation in Reinforcement Learning for Ads Allocation with Multiple Auxiliary Tasks2 Apr 2022
- 2022Deep Page-Level Interest Network in Reinforcement Learning for Ads Allocation1 Apr 2022
- 2022Modeling Attrition in Recommender Systems with Departing Bandits25 Mar 2022
- 2021Cross DQN: Cross Deep Q Network for Ads Allocation in Feed9 Sep 2021
- 2021A Survey of Deep Reinforcement Learning in Recommender Systems: A Systematic Review and Future Directions8 Sep 2021
- 2021Recommendation Fairness: From Static to Dynamic5 Sep 2021
- 2021AutoLoss: Automated Loss Function Search in Recommendations12 Jun 2021
- 2021User Response Prediction in Online Advertising7 Jan 2021
- 2023A General Offline Reinforcement Learning Framework for Interactive Recommendationcited by 18
- 2025Multi-task Offline Reinforcement Learning for Online Advertising in Recommender Systemscited by 2
- 2026C2:Cross learning module enhanced decision transformer with Constraint-aware loss for auto-biddingcited by 0
- 2026C2:Cross learning module enhanced decision transformer with Constraint-aware loss for auto-bidding28 Jan 2026
- 2025Multi-task Offline Reinforcement Learning for Online Advertising in Recommender Systems29 Jun 2025
- 2023A General Offline Reinforcement Learning Framework for Interactive Recommendation1 Oct 2023
- 2025A Survey of Personalization: From RAG to Agentcited by 26
- 2025A Survey of Personalization: From RAG to Agent14 Apr 2025
- 2021AutoLoss: Automated Loss Function Search in Recommendationscited by 31
- 2025Generative Auto-Bidding with Value-Guided Explorationscited by 23
- 2021A Survey of Deep Reinforcement Learning in Recommender Systems: A Systematic Review and Future Directionscited by 19
- 2021Cross DQN: Cross Deep Q Network for Ads Allocation in Feedcited by 18
- 2021User Response Prediction in Online Advertisingcited by 15
- 2022Modeling Attrition in Recommender Systems with Departing Banditscited by 11
- 2021Recommendation Fairness: From Static to Dynamiccited by 10
- 2022ResAct: Reinforcing Long-term Engagement in Sequential Recommendation with Residual Actorcited by 10
- 2022Deep Page-Level Interest Network in Reinforcement Learning for Ads Allocationcited by 8
- 2022Hierarchically Constrained Adaptive Ad Exposure in Feedscited by 6
- 2022Hybrid Transfer in Deep Reinforcement Learning for Ads Allocationcited by 5
- 2022Learning List-wise Representation in Reinforcement Learning for Ads Allocation with Multiple Auxiliary Taskscited by 3
12 most cited of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2026Constrained user-item allocation for e-commerce marketing campaigns8 Jun 2026
- 2026One Model, Two Markets: Bid-Aware Generative Recommendation23 Mar 2026
- 2025MaRCA: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Computation Allocation in Large-Scale Recommender Systems30 Dec 2025
- 2025Deep Reinforcement Learning for Ranking Utility Tuning in the Ad Recommender System at Pinterest5 Sep 2025
- 2025Generative Auto-Bidding with Value-Guided Explorations20 Apr 2025
- 2023RL-MPCA: A Reinforcement Learning Based Multi-Phase Computation Allocation Approach for Recommender Systems27 Dec 2023
- 2023Towards Validating Long-Term User Feedbacks in Interactive Recommendation Systems22 Aug 2023
- 2023MDDL: A Framework for Reinforcement Learning-based Position Allocation in Multi-Channel Feed17 Apr 2023
- 2022Fair Effect Attribution in Parallel Online Experiments15 Oct 2022
- 2022ResAct: Reinforcing Long-term Engagement in Sequential Recommendation with Residual Actor1 Jun 2022
- 2022Hierarchically Constrained Adaptive Ad Exposure in Feeds31 May 2022
- 2022Hybrid Transfer in Deep Reinforcement Learning for Ads Allocation2 Apr 2022
12 newest of 20 All 20 (JSON)