Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition with Bidirectionally Trained Transformer
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Abstract (arXiv)
Encoder-decoder models have made great progress on handwritten mathematical expression recognition recently. However, it is still a challenge for existing methods to assign attention to image features accurately. Moreover, those encoder-decoder models usually adopt RNN-based models in their decoder part, which makes them inefficient in processing long LaTeX sequences. In this paper, a transformer-based decoder is employed to replace RNN-based ones, which makes the whole model architecture very concise. Furthermore, a novel training strategy is introduced to fully exploit the potential of the transformer in bidirectional language modeling. Compared to several methods that do not use data augmentation, experiments demonstrate that our model improves the ExpRate of current state-of-the-art methods on CROHME 2014 by 2.23%. Similarly, on CROHME 2016 and CROHME 2019, we improve the ExpRate by 1.92% and 2.28% respectively.
Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 May 2021.
Builds on
19 of 50 references.
References · 19
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- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
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- 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
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- 2015Show, Attend and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attentioncited by 1,421
- 2018Image Transformercited by 770
- 2019A Comparative Study on Transformer vs RNN in Speech Applicationscited by 210
- 2015End-to-End Attention-based Large Vocabulary Speech Recognitioncited by 148
- 2017Focusing Attention: Towards Accurate Text Recognition in Natural Imagescited by 110
7 more
- 2020Pay Attention to What You Read: Non-recurrent Handwritten Text-Line Recognitioncited by 71
- 2018Regularizing Neural Machine Translation by Target-bidirectional Agreementcited by 40
- 2018Multi-Scale Attention with Dense Encoder for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 36
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 5; 2023: 4; 2024: 10; 2025: 8; 2026: 6.
34 papers.
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- 2023Nougat: Neural Optical Understanding for Academic Documentscited by 240
- 2022Syntax-Aware Network for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 68
- 2022DAN: a Segmentation-free Document Attention Network for Handwritten Document Recognitioncited by 62
- 2024UniMERNet: A Universal Network for Real-World Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 41
- 2024Image Over Text: Transforming Formula Recognition Evaluation with Character Detection Matchingcited by 39
- 2022When Counting Meets HMER: Counting-Aware Network for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 35
- 2022CoMER: Modeling Coverage for Transformer-based Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 24
- 2021Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition via Attention Aggregation based Bi-directional Mutual Learningcited by 20
- 2024PosFormer: Recognizing Complex Handwritten Mathematical Expression with Position Forest Transformercited by 18
- 2024TAMER: Tree-Aware Transformer for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 9
- 2026Towards Real-World Document Parsing via Realistic Scene Synthesis and Document-Aware Trainingcited by 7
- 2025PP-FormulaNet: Bridging Accuracy and Efficiency in Advanced Formula Recognitioncited by 6
22 more
- 2024Multi-Cell Decoder and Mutual Learning for Table Structure and Character Recognitioncited by 5
- 2023Semantic Graph Representation Learning for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024ICAL: Implicit Character-Aided Learning for Enhanced Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 4
- 2025Uni-MuMER: Unified Multi-Task Fine-Tuning of Vision-Language Model for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 3
- 2024Local and Global Graph Modeling with Edge-weighted Graph Attention Network for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 2
- 2022Offline Handwritten Mathematical Recognition using Adversarial Learning and Transformerscited by 1
- 2023Bidirectional Trained Tree-Structured Decoder for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 1
- 2024PEaCE: A Chemistry-Oriented Dataset for Optical Character Recognition on Scientific Documentscited by 1
- 2024RFL: Simplifying Chemical Structure Recognition with Ring-Free Languagecited by 1
- 2025MMHMER:Multi-viewer and Multi-task for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 1
- 2025MFH: Marrying Frequency Domain with Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 1
- 2025The Return of Structural Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 1
- 2026GryphOne: Symbol-Aware Masked Diffusion for Structural Refinement in Offline Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 1
- 2023DenseBAM-GI: Attention Augmented DeneseNet with momentum aided GRU for HMERcited by 0
- 2024Attention Guidance Mechanism for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 0
- 2025Mask & Match: Learning to Recognize Handwritten Math with Self-Supervised Attentioncited by 0
- 2025Link prediction Graph Neural Networks for structure recognition of Handwritten Mathematical Expressionscited by 0
- 2025Hierarchical Modeling Approach to Fast and Accurate Table Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Texo: Formula Recognition within 20M Parameterscited by 0
- 2026DiffMath: Symbol- and Graph-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Generationcited by 0
- 2026OmniHandwritingOCR: A Diagnostic Benchmark for Evaluating Multimodal LLMs in Handwritten OCR Scenarioscited by 0
- 2026PA-CDM: Position-Aware Character Detection Matching for Evaluating Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026PA-CDM: Position-Aware Character Detection Matching for Evaluating Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition11 Sep 2026
- 2026OmniHandwritingOCR: A Diagnostic Benchmark for Evaluating Multimodal LLMs in Handwritten OCR Scenarios19 Aug 2026
- 2026DiffMath: Symbol- and Graph-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Generation18 Jun 2026
- 2026Towards Real-World Document Parsing via Realistic Scene Synthesis and Document-Aware Training25 Mar 2026
- 2026Texo: Formula Recognition within 20M Parameters19 Feb 2026
- 2026GryphOne: Symbol-Aware Masked Diffusion for Structural Refinement in Offline Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition3 Feb 2026
- 2025Hierarchical Modeling Approach to Fast and Accurate Table Recognition24 Dec 2025
- 2025Link prediction Graph Neural Networks for structure recognition of Handwritten Mathematical Expressions4 Nov 2025
- 2025The Return of Structural Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition27 Aug 2025
- 2025Mask & Match: Learning to Recognize Handwritten Math with Self-Supervised Attention8 Aug 2025
- 2025MFH: Marrying Frequency Domain with Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition1 Jul 2025
- 2025Uni-MuMER: Unified Multi-Task Fine-Tuning of Vision-Language Model for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition29 May 2025
22 more
- 2025PP-FormulaNet: Bridging Accuracy and Efficiency in Advanced Formula Recognition24 Mar 2025
- 2025MMHMER:Multi-viewer and Multi-task for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition8 Feb 2025
- 2024RFL: Simplifying Chemical Structure Recognition with Ring-Free Language10 Dec 2024
- 2024Local and Global Graph Modeling with Edge-weighted Graph Attention Network for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition24 Oct 2024
- 2024Image Over Text: Transforming Formula Recognition Evaluation with Character Detection Matching5 Sep 2024
- 2024TAMER: Tree-Aware Transformer for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition16 Aug 2024
- 2024PosFormer: Recognizing Complex Handwritten Mathematical Expression with Position Forest Transformer10 Jul 2024
- 2024ICAL: Implicit Character-Aided Learning for Enhanced Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition15 May 2024
- 2024UniMERNet: A Universal Network for Real-World Mathematical Expression Recognition23 Apr 2024
- 2024Multi-Cell Decoder and Mutual Learning for Table Structure and Character Recognition20 Apr 2024
- 2024PEaCE: A Chemistry-Oriented Dataset for Optical Character Recognition on Scientific Documents23 Mar 2024
- 2024Attention Guidance Mechanism for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition4 Mar 2024
- 2023Bidirectional Trained Tree-Structured Decoder for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition31 Dec 2023
- 2023Nougat: Neural Optical Understanding for Academic Documents25 Aug 2023
- 2023Semantic Graph Representation Learning for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition21 Aug 2023
- 2023DenseBAM-GI: Attention Augmented DeneseNet with momentum aided GRU for HMER28 Jun 2023
- 2022Offline Handwritten Mathematical Recognition using Adversarial Learning and Transformers20 Aug 2022
- 2022When Counting Meets HMER: Counting-Aware Network for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition23 Jul 2022
- 2022CoMER: Modeling Coverage for Transformer-based Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition10 Jul 2022
- 2022DAN: a Segmentation-free Document Attention Network for Handwritten Document Recognition23 Mar 2022
- 2022Syntax-Aware Network for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition3 Mar 2022
- 2021Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition via Attention Aggregation based Bi-directional Mutual Learning7 Dec 2021
- 2026Towards Real-World Document Parsing via Realistic Scene Synthesis and Document-Aware Trainingcited by 7
- 2025Uni-MuMER: Unified Multi-Task Fine-Tuning of Vision-Language Model for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 3
- 2026OmniHandwritingOCR: A Diagnostic Benchmark for Evaluating Multimodal LLMs in Handwritten OCR Scenarioscited by 0
- 2026OmniHandwritingOCR: A Diagnostic Benchmark for Evaluating Multimodal LLMs in Handwritten OCR Scenarios19 Aug 2026
- 2026Towards Real-World Document Parsing via Realistic Scene Synthesis and Document-Aware Training25 Mar 2026
- 2025Uni-MuMER: Unified Multi-Task Fine-Tuning of Vision-Language Model for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition29 May 2025
- 2023Nougat: Neural Optical Understanding for Academic Documentscited by 240
- 2022Syntax-Aware Network for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 68
- 2022DAN: a Segmentation-free Document Attention Network for Handwritten Document Recognitioncited by 62
- 2024UniMERNet: A Universal Network for Real-World Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 41
- 2024Image Over Text: Transforming Formula Recognition Evaluation with Character Detection Matchingcited by 39
- 2022When Counting Meets HMER: Counting-Aware Network for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 35
- 2022CoMER: Modeling Coverage for Transformer-based Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 24
- 2021Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition via Attention Aggregation based Bi-directional Mutual Learningcited by 20
- 2024PosFormer: Recognizing Complex Handwritten Mathematical Expression with Position Forest Transformercited by 18
- 2024TAMER: Tree-Aware Transformer for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 9
- 2025PP-FormulaNet: Bridging Accuracy and Efficiency in Advanced Formula Recognitioncited by 6
- 2024Multi-Cell Decoder and Mutual Learning for Table Structure and Character Recognitioncited by 5
12 most cited of 29 All 29 (JSON)
- 2026PA-CDM: Position-Aware Character Detection Matching for Evaluating Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition11 Sep 2026
- 2026Texo: Formula Recognition within 20M Parameters19 Feb 2026
- 2025Hierarchical Modeling Approach to Fast and Accurate Table Recognition24 Dec 2025
- 2025Link prediction Graph Neural Networks for structure recognition of Handwritten Mathematical Expressions4 Nov 2025
- 2025The Return of Structural Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition27 Aug 2025
- 2025Mask & Match: Learning to Recognize Handwritten Math with Self-Supervised Attention8 Aug 2025
- 2025MFH: Marrying Frequency Domain with Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition1 Jul 2025
- 2025PP-FormulaNet: Bridging Accuracy and Efficiency in Advanced Formula Recognition24 Mar 2025
- 2025MMHMER:Multi-viewer and Multi-task for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition8 Feb 2025
- 2024RFL: Simplifying Chemical Structure Recognition with Ring-Free Language10 Dec 2024
- 2024Local and Global Graph Modeling with Edge-weighted Graph Attention Network for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition24 Oct 2024
- 2024Image Over Text: Transforming Formula Recognition Evaluation with Character Detection Matching5 Sep 2024
12 newest of 29 All 29 (JSON)