mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

PP-FormulaNet: Bridging Accuracy and Efficiency in Advanced Formula Recognition

arXiv 2503.18382 ↗First posted 24 Mar 2025cs.CV cs.AIcited by 7

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Abstract (arXiv)

Formula recognition is an important task in document intelligence. It involves converting mathematical expressions from document images into structured symbolic formats that computers can easily work with. LaTeX is the most common format used for this purpose. In this work, we present PP-FormulaNet, a state-of-the-art formula recognition model that excels in both accuracy and efficiency. To meet the diverse needs of applications, we have developed two specialized models: PP-FormulaNet-L, tailored for high-accuracy scenarios, and PP-FormulaNet-S, optimized for high-efficiency contexts. Our extensive evaluations reveal that PP-FormulaNet-L attains accuracy levels that surpass those of prominent models such as UniMERNet by a significant 6%. Conversely, PP-FormulaNet-S operates at speeds that are over 16 times faster. These advancements facilitate seamless integration of PP-FormulaNet into a broad spectrum of document processing environments that involve intricate mathematical formulas. Furthermore, we introduce a Formula Mining System, which is capable of extracting a vast amount of high-quality formula data. This system further enhances the robustness and applicability of our formula recognition model. Code and models are publicly available at PaddleOCR(https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/PaddleOCR) and PaddleX(https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/PaddleX).

Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2025.

Builds on

13 of 23 references.

References · 13

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  2. 2024Expanding Performance Boundaries of Open-Source Multimodal Models with Model, Data, and Test-Time Scalingcited by 1,599
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  4. 2023Nougat: Neural Optical Understanding for Academic Documentscited by 245
  5. 2024General OCR Theory: Towards OCR-2.0 via a Unified End-to-end Modelcited by 180
  6. 2016Image-to-Markup Generation with Coarse-to-Fine Attentioncited by 79
  7. 2022Syntax-Aware Network for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 68
  8. 2024UniMERNet: A Universal Network for Real-World Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 42
  9. 2018Multi-Scale Attention with Dense Encoder for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 36
  10. 2022When Counting Meets HMER: Counting-Aware Network for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 35
  11. 2021Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition with Bidirectionally Trained Transformercited by 34
  12. 2022CoMER: Modeling Coverage for Transformer-based Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 24
1 more
  1. 2021Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition via Attention Aggregation based Bi-directional Mutual Learningcited by 20

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 4; 2026: 3.

7 papers.