PP-FormulaNet: Bridging Accuracy and Efficiency in Advanced Formula Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
Formula recognition is an important task in document intelligence. It involves converting mathematical expressions from document images into structured symbolic formats that computers can easily work with. LaTeX is the most common format used for this purpose. In this work, we present PP-FormulaNet, a state-of-the-art formula recognition model that excels in both accuracy and efficiency. To meet the diverse needs of applications, we have developed two specialized models: PP-FormulaNet-L, tailored for high-accuracy scenarios, and PP-FormulaNet-S, optimized for high-efficiency contexts. Our extensive evaluations reveal that PP-FormulaNet-L attains accuracy levels that surpass those of prominent models such as UniMERNet by a significant 6%. Conversely, PP-FormulaNet-S operates at speeds that are over 16 times faster. These advancements facilitate seamless integration of PP-FormulaNet into a broad spectrum of document processing environments that involve intricate mathematical formulas. Furthermore, we introduce a Formula Mining System, which is capable of extracting a vast amount of high-quality formula data. This system further enhances the robustness and applicability of our formula recognition model. Code and models are publicly available at PaddleOCR(https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/PaddleOCR) and PaddleX(https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/PaddleX).
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2025.
Builds on
13 of 23 references.
References · 13
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2024Expanding Performance Boundaries of Open-Source Multimodal Models with Model, Data, and Test-Time Scalingcited by 1,599
- 2021OCR-free Document Understanding Transformercited by 407
- 2023Nougat: Neural Optical Understanding for Academic Documentscited by 245
- 2024General OCR Theory: Towards OCR-2.0 via a Unified End-to-end Modelcited by 180
- 2016Image-to-Markup Generation with Coarse-to-Fine Attentioncited by 79
- 2022Syntax-Aware Network for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 68
- 2024UniMERNet: A Universal Network for Real-World Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 42
- 2018Multi-Scale Attention with Dense Encoder for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 36
- 2022When Counting Meets HMER: Counting-Aware Network for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 35
- 2021Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition with Bidirectionally Trained Transformercited by 34
- 2022CoMER: Modeling Coverage for Transformer-based Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognitioncited by 24
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 4; 2026: 3.
7 papers.
- 2025PaddleOCR 3.0 Technical Reportcited by 143
- 2025MinerU2.5: A Decoupled Vision-Language Model for Efficient High-Resolution Document Parsingcited by 116
- 2025DianJin-OCR-R1: Enhancing OCR Capabilities via a Reasoning-and-Tool Interleaved Vision-Language Modelcited by 10
- 2026Beyond NL2Code: A Structured Survey of Multimodal Code Intelligencecited by 6
- 2025DocTron-Formula: Generalized Formula Recognition in Complex and Structured Scenarioscited by 3
- 2026OCR-EDR: Rendering-Aware Diagnosis and Repair for Closed-Loop OCR Improvementcited by 1
- 2026Texo: Formula Recognition within 20M Parameterscited by 0
- 2026OCR-EDR: Rendering-Aware Diagnosis and Repair for Closed-Loop OCR Improvement3 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond NL2Code: A Structured Survey of Multimodal Code Intelligence14 Jun 2026
- 2026Texo: Formula Recognition within 20M Parameters19 Feb 2026
- 2025MinerU2.5: A Decoupled Vision-Language Model for Efficient High-Resolution Document Parsing26 Sep 2025
- 2025DianJin-OCR-R1: Enhancing OCR Capabilities via a Reasoning-and-Tool Interleaved Vision-Language Model18 Aug 2025
- 2025DocTron-Formula: Generalized Formula Recognition in Complex and Structured Scenarios1 Aug 2025
- 2025PaddleOCR 3.0 Technical Report8 Jul 2025