Self-Supervised Learning of Remote Sensing Scene Representations Using Contrastive Multiview Coding
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
In recent years self-supervised learning has emerged as a promising candidate for unsupervised representation learning. In the visual domain its applications are mostly studied in the context of images of natural scenes. However, its applicability is especially interesting in specific areas, like remote sensing and medicine, where it is hard to obtain huge amounts of labeled data. In this work, we conduct an extensive analysis of the applicability of self-supervised learning in remote sensing image classification. We analyze the influence of the number and domain of images used for self-supervised pre-training on the performance on downstream tasks. We show that, for the downstream task of remote sensing image classification, using self-supervised pre-training on remote sensing images can give better results than using supervised pre-training on images of natural scenes. Besides, we also show that self-supervised pre-training can be easily extended to multispectral images producing even better results on our downstream tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 58 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Apr 2021.
Builds on
37 of 47 references.
References · 37
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
- 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
- 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
- 2018Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 7,662
- 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
- 2020Unsupervised Learning of Visual Features by Contrasting Cluster Assignmentscited by 2,845
- 2018Unsupervised Feature Learning via Non-Parametric Instance-level Discriminationcited by 1,838
- 2018Unsupervised Representation Learning by Predicting Image Rotationscited by 1,586
- 2017EuroSAT: A Novel Dataset and Deep Learning Benchmark for Land Use and Land Cover Classificationcited by 1,488
- 2016Context Encoders: Feature Learning by Inpaintingcited by 1,424
25 more
- 2016Unsupervised Learning of Visual Representations by Solving Jigsaw Puzzlescited by 1,379
- 2019Contrastive Multiview Codingcited by 1,297
- 2018Learning deep representations by mutual information estimation and maximizationcited by 1,265
- 2016Colorful Image Colorizationcited by 1,113
- 2015Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning by Context Predictioncited by 1,062
- 2020What Makes for Good Views for Contrastive Learning?cited by 843
- 2017Remote Sensing Image Scene Classification: Benchmark and State of the Artcited by 791
- 2019Learning Representations by Maximizing Mutual Information Across Viewscited by 733
- 2019Data-Efficient Image Recognition with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 672
- 2020Prototypical Contrastive Learning of Unsupervised Representationscited by 636
- 2017DOTA: A Large-scale Dataset for Object Detection in Aerial Imagescited by 622
- 2020A Survey on Contrastive Self-supervised Learningcited by 553
- 2016AID: A Benchmark Dataset for Performance Evaluation of Aerial Scene Classificationcited by 343
- 2019Revisiting Self-Supervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 250
- 2019BigEarthNet: A Large-Scale Benchmark Archive For Remote Sensing Image Understandingcited by 231
- 2019Unsupervised Embedding Learning via Invariant and Spreading Instance Featurecited by 231
- 2016Split-Brain Autoencoders: Unsupervised Learning by Cross-Channel Predictioncited by 217
- 2019Scaling and Benchmarking Self-Supervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 201
- 2020Geography-Aware Self-Supervised Learningcited by 190
- 2017Colorization as a Proxy Task for Visual Understandingcited by 175
- 2018Tile2Vec: Unsupervised representation learning for spatially distributed datacited by 109
- 2020MLRSNet: A Multi-label High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Dataset for Semantic Scene Understandingcited by 59
- 2020Remote Sensing Image Scene Classification with Self-Supervised Paradigm under Limited Labeled Samplescited by 36
- 2020The color out of space: learning self-supervised representations for Earth Observation imagerycited by 34
- 2020BigEarthNet Dataset with A New Class-Nomenclature for Remote Sensing Image Understandingcited by 14
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 19; 2023: 16; 2024: 3; 2025: 8; 2026: 3.
58 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2022SatMAE: Pre-training Transformers for Temporal and Multi-Spectral Satellite Imagerycited by 402
- 2023RemoteCLIP: A Vision Language Foundation Model for Remote Sensingcited by 357
- 2023CROMA: Remote Sensing Representations with Contrastive Radar-Optical Masked Autoencoderscited by 167
- 2022Self-supervised Learning in Remote Sensing: A Reviewcited by 137
- 2022What to Hide from Your Students: Attention-Guided Masked Image Modelingcited by 117
- 2022SSL4EO-S12: A Large-Scale Multi-Modal, Multi-Temporal Dataset for Self-Supervised Learning in Earth Observationcited by 82
- 2023A Billion-scale Foundation Model for Remote Sensing Imagescited by 62
- 2023CMID: A Unified Self-Supervised Learning Framework for Remote Sensing Image Understandingcited by 48
- 2025TESSERA: Temporal Embeddings of Surface Spectra for Earth Representation and Analysiscited by 35
- 2021Global and Local Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning for Semantic Segmentation of HR Remote Sensing Imagescited by 31
- 2022Self-supervised remote sensing feature learning: Learning Paradigms, Challenges, and Future Workscited by 24
- 2022Continual Barlow Twins: continual self-supervised learning for remote sensing semantic segmentationcited by 22
38 more
- 2022Consecutive Pretraining: A Knowledge Transfer Learning Strategy with Relevant Unlabeled Data for Remote Sensing Domaincited by 22
- 2022Self-Supervised Learning for Invariant Representations from Multi-Spectral and SAR Imagescited by 20
- 2023Extending global-local view alignment for self-supervised learning with remote sensing imagerycited by 20
- 2021Latent Structure Mining with Contrastive Modality Fusion for Multimedia Recommendationcited by 18
- 2022Multimodal contrastive learning for remote sensing taskscited by 18
- 2025A Survey on Remote Sensing Foundation Models: From Vision to Multimodalitycited by 18
- 2022Semantic-aware Dense Representation Learning for Remote Sensing Image Change Detectioncited by 16
- 2024Generic Knowledge Boosted Pre-training For Remote Sensing Imagescited by 16
- 2021Benchmarking and scaling of deep learning models for land cover image classificationcited by 14
- 2021Deep Bregman Divergence for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 13
- 2022Deep Unsupervised Contrastive Hashing for Large-Scale Cross-Modal Text-Image Retrieval in Remote Sensingcited by 10
- 2023CtxMIM: Context-Enhanced Masked Image Modeling for Remote Sensing Image Understandingcited by 9
- 2025GAIR: Location-Aware Self-Supervised Contrastive Pre-Training with Geo-Aligned Implicit Representationscited by 9
- 2021Evaluating Self and Semi-Supervised Methods for Remote Sensing Segmentation Taskscited by 7
- 2022Self-Supervision, Remote Sensing and Abstraction: Representation Learning Across 3 Million Locationscited by 6
- 2023C-SAW: Self-Supervised Prompt Learning for Image Generalization in Remote Sensingcited by 6
- 2021Self-Supervised Pretraining and Controlled Augmentation Improve Rare Wildlife Recognition in UAV Imagescited by 5
- 2022Learning crop type mapping from regional label proportions in large-scale SAR and optical imagerycited by 5
- 2022Common Practices and Taxonomy in Deep Multi-view Fusion for Remote Sensing Applicationscited by 5
- 2024CLIP meets DINO for Tuning Zero-Shot Classifier using Unlabeled Image Collectionscited by 5
- 2021Semi-supervised learning for joint SAR and multispectral land cover classificationcited by 4
- 2021Do we still need ImageNet pre-training in remote sensing scene classification?cited by 4
- 2023Self-Supervised In-Domain Representation Learning for Remote Sensing Image Scene Classificationcited by 4
- 2022Evaluating the Label Efficiency of Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning for Multi-Resolution Satellite Imagerycited by 3
- 2023GraSS: Contrastive Learning with Gradient Guided Sampling Strategy for Remote Sensing Image Semantic Segmentationcited by 3
- 2024Cross-sensor self-supervised training and alignment for remote sensingcited by 3
- 2025S5: Scalable Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation in Remote Sensingcited by 3
- 2025Survey of Multimodal Geospatial Foundation Models: Techniques, Applications, and Challengescited by 3
- 2026HyperFM: An Efficient Hyperspectral Foundation Model with Spectral Groupingcited by 3
- 2022Self-Supervised Pretraining on Satellite Imagery: a Case Study on Label-Efficient Vehicle Detectioncited by 2
- 2023Self-Supervised Learning for Improved Synthetic Aperture Sonar Target Recognitioncited by 2
- 2023Exploring DINO: Emergent Properties and Limitations for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagerycited by 2
- 2022Rare Wildlife Recognition with Self-Supervised Representation Learningcited by 1
- 2023Domain Adaptable Self-supervised Representation Learning on Remote Sensing Satellite Imagerycited by 1
- 2025HiRes-FusedMIM: A High-Resolution RGB-DSM Pre-trained Model for Building-Level Remote Sensing Applicationscited by 1
- 2025A Contrastive Learning Foundation Model Based on Perfectly Aligned Sample Pairs for Remote Sensing Imagescited by 1
- 2026Survey on Remote Sensing Scene Classification: From Traditional Methods to Large Generative AI Modelscited by 1
- 2021Clustering-Based Representation Learning through Output Translation and Its Application to Remote--Sensing Imagescited by 0
50 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2026ZAYAN: Disentangled Contrastive Transformer for Tabular Remote Sensing Data30 Apr 2026
- 2026HyperFM: An Efficient Hyperspectral Foundation Model with Spectral Grouping22 Apr 2026
- 2026Survey on Remote Sensing Scene Classification: From Traditional Methods to Large Generative AI Models23 Mar 2026
- 2025Survey of Multimodal Geospatial Foundation Models: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges27 Oct 2025
- 2025Learning Without Augmenting: Unsupervised Time Series Representation Learning via Frame Projections26 Oct 2025
- 2025S5: Scalable Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation in Remote Sensing17 Aug 2025
- 2025TESSERA: Temporal Embeddings of Surface Spectra for Earth Representation and Analysis25 Jun 2025
- 2025A Contrastive Learning Foundation Model Based on Perfectly Aligned Sample Pairs for Remote Sensing Images26 May 2025
- 2025A Survey on Remote Sensing Foundation Models: From Vision to Multimodality28 Mar 2025
- 2025HiRes-FusedMIM: A High-Resolution RGB-DSM Pre-trained Model for Building-Level Remote Sensing Applications24 Mar 2025
- 2025GAIR: Location-Aware Self-Supervised Contrastive Pre-Training with Geo-Aligned Implicit Representations20 Mar 2025
- 2024CLIP meets DINO for Tuning Zero-Shot Classifier using Unlabeled Image Collections28 Nov 2024
38 more
- 2024Cross-sensor self-supervised training and alignment for remote sensing16 May 2024
- 2024Generic Knowledge Boosted Pre-training For Remote Sensing Images9 Jan 2024
- 2023C-SAW: Self-Supervised Prompt Learning for Image Generalization in Remote Sensing27 Nov 2023
- 2023CROMA: Remote Sensing Representations with Contrastive Radar-Optical Masked Autoencoders1 Nov 2023
- 2023Exploring DINO: Emergent Properties and Limitations for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery5 Oct 2023
- 2023CtxMIM: Context-Enhanced Masked Image Modeling for Remote Sensing Image Understanding28 Sep 2023
- 2023Self-Supervised Learning for Improved Synthetic Aperture Sonar Target Recognition27 Jul 2023
- 2023GraSS: Contrastive Learning with Gradient Guided Sampling Strategy for Remote Sensing Image Semantic Segmentation28 Jun 2023
- 2023RemoteCLIP: A Vision Language Foundation Model for Remote Sensing19 Jun 2023
- 2023Domain Adaptable Self-supervised Representation Learning on Remote Sensing Satellite Imagery19 Apr 2023
- 2023CMID: A Unified Self-Supervised Learning Framework for Remote Sensing Image Understanding19 Apr 2023
- 2023Enhancing Self-Supervised Learning for Remote Sensing with Elevation Data: A Case Study with Scarce And High Level Semantic Labels13 Apr 2023
- 2023A Billion-scale Foundation Model for Remote Sensing Images11 Apr 2023
- 2023SimFLE: Simple Facial Landmark Encoding for Self-Supervised Facial Expression Recognition in the Wild14 Mar 2023
- 2023Extending global-local view alignment for self-supervised learning with remote sensing imagery12 Mar 2023
- 2023Multispectral Contrastive Learning with Viewmaker Networks11 Feb 2023
- 2023Self-Supervised In-Domain Representation Learning for Remote Sensing Image Scene Classification3 Feb 2023
- 2023Supervised and Contrastive Self-Supervised In-Domain Representation Learning for Dense Prediction Problems in Remote Sensing29 Jan 2023
- 2022Common Practices and Taxonomy in Deep Multi-view Fusion for Remote Sensing Applications20 Dec 2022
- 2022Self-supervised remote sensing feature learning: Learning Paradigms, Challenges, and Future Works15 Nov 2022
- 2022SSL4EO-S12: A Large-Scale Multi-Modal, Multi-Temporal Dataset for Self-Supervised Learning in Earth Observation13 Nov 2022
- 2022Rare Wildlife Recognition with Self-Supervised Representation Learning29 Oct 2022
- 2022Self-Supervised Pretraining on Satellite Imagery: a Case Study on Label-Efficient Vehicle Detection21 Oct 2022
- 2022Evaluating the Label Efficiency of Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning for Multi-Resolution Satellite Imagery13 Oct 2022
- 2022Improving Image Clustering through Sample Ranking and Its Application to remote--sensing images26 Sep 2022
- 2022Multimodal contrastive learning for remote sensing tasks6 Sep 2022
- 2022Learning crop type mapping from regional label proportions in large-scale SAR and optical imagery24 Aug 2022
- 2022SatMAE: Pre-training Transformers for Temporal and Multi-Spectral Satellite Imagery17 Jul 2022
- 2022Consecutive Pretraining: A Knowledge Transfer Learning Strategy with Relevant Unlabeled Data for Remote Sensing Domain8 Jul 2022
- 2022Self-supervised Learning in Remote Sensing: A Review27 Jun 2022
- 2022Semantic-aware Dense Representation Learning for Remote Sensing Image Change Detection27 May 2022
- 2022Continual Barlow Twins: continual self-supervised learning for remote sensing semantic segmentation23 May 2022
- 2022Pre-trained Language Models as Re-Annotators11 May 2022
- 2022Self-Supervised Learning for Invariant Representations from Multi-Spectral and SAR Images4 May 2022
- 2022What to Hide from Your Students: Attention-Guided Masked Image Modeling23 Mar 2022
- 2022Self-Supervision, Remote Sensing and Abstraction: Representation Learning Across 3 Million Locations8 Mar 2022
- 2022Deep Unsupervised Contrastive Hashing for Large-Scale Cross-Modal Text-Image Retrieval in Remote Sensing20 Jan 2022
- 2021Evaluating Self and Semi-Supervised Methods for Remote Sensing Segmentation Tasks19 Nov 2021
50 newest of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2022SatMAE: Pre-training Transformers for Temporal and Multi-Spectral Satellite Imagerycited by 402
- 2023CROMA: Remote Sensing Representations with Contrastive Radar-Optical Masked Autoencoderscited by 167
- 2022Self-supervised Learning in Remote Sensing: A Reviewcited by 137
- 2022What to Hide from Your Students: Attention-Guided Masked Image Modelingcited by 117
- 2022SSL4EO-S12: A Large-Scale Multi-Modal, Multi-Temporal Dataset for Self-Supervised Learning in Earth Observationcited by 82
- 2023A Billion-scale Foundation Model for Remote Sensing Imagescited by 62
- 2023CMID: A Unified Self-Supervised Learning Framework for Remote Sensing Image Understandingcited by 48
- 2025TESSERA: Temporal Embeddings of Surface Spectra for Earth Representation and Analysiscited by 35
- 2021Global and Local Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning for Semantic Segmentation of HR Remote Sensing Imagescited by 31
- 2022Self-supervised remote sensing feature learning: Learning Paradigms, Challenges, and Future Workscited by 24
- 2022Continual Barlow Twins: continual self-supervised learning for remote sensing semantic segmentationcited by 22
- 2022Consecutive Pretraining: A Knowledge Transfer Learning Strategy with Relevant Unlabeled Data for Remote Sensing Domaincited by 22
12 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026ZAYAN: Disentangled Contrastive Transformer for Tabular Remote Sensing Data30 Apr 2026
- 2026HyperFM: An Efficient Hyperspectral Foundation Model with Spectral Grouping22 Apr 2026
- 2026Survey on Remote Sensing Scene Classification: From Traditional Methods to Large Generative AI Models23 Mar 2026
- 2025Survey of Multimodal Geospatial Foundation Models: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges27 Oct 2025
- 2025Learning Without Augmenting: Unsupervised Time Series Representation Learning via Frame Projections26 Oct 2025
- 2025S5: Scalable Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation in Remote Sensing17 Aug 2025
- 2025TESSERA: Temporal Embeddings of Surface Spectra for Earth Representation and Analysis25 Jun 2025
- 2025A Contrastive Learning Foundation Model Based on Perfectly Aligned Sample Pairs for Remote Sensing Images26 May 2025
- 2025A Survey on Remote Sensing Foundation Models: From Vision to Multimodality28 Mar 2025
- 2025HiRes-FusedMIM: A High-Resolution RGB-DSM Pre-trained Model for Building-Level Remote Sensing Applications24 Mar 2025
- 2025GAIR: Location-Aware Self-Supervised Contrastive Pre-Training with Geo-Aligned Implicit Representations20 Mar 2025
- 2024CLIP meets DINO for Tuning Zero-Shot Classifier using Unlabeled Image Collections28 Nov 2024
12 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)