mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Decoupled Spatial-Temporal Transformer for Video Inpainting

arXiv 2104.06637 ↗First posted 14 Apr 2021cs.CVcited by 28

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Abstract (arXiv)

Video inpainting aims to fill the given spatiotemporal holes with realistic appearance but is still a challenging task even with prosperous deep learning approaches. Recent works introduce the promising Transformer architecture into deep video inpainting and achieve better performance. However, it still suffers from synthesizing blurry texture as well as huge computational cost. Towards this end, we propose a novel Decoupled Spatial-Temporal Transformer (DSTT) for improving video inpainting with exceptional efficiency. Our proposed DSTT disentangles the task of learning spatial-temporal attention into 2 sub-tasks: one is for attending temporal object movements on different frames at same spatial locations, which is achieved by temporally-decoupled Transformer block, and the other is for attending similar background textures on same frame of all spatial positions, which is achieved by spatially-decoupled Transformer block. The interweaving stack of such two blocks makes our proposed model attend background textures and moving objects more precisely, and thus the attended plausible and temporally-coherent appearance can be propagated to fill the holes. In addition, a hierarchical encoder is adopted before the stack of Transformer blocks, for learning robust and hierarchical features that maintain multi-level local spatial structure, resulting in the more representative token vectors. Seamless combination of these two novel designs forms a better spatial-temporal attention scheme and our proposed model achieves better performance than state-of-the-art video inpainting approaches with significant boosted efficiency.

Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Apr 2021.

Builds on

22 of 38 references.

References · 22

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  3. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
  4. 2016FlowNet 2.0: Evolution of Optical Flow Estimation with Deep Networkscited by 784
  5. 2018Free-Form Image Inpainting with Gated Convolutioncited by 594
  6. 2018Generative Image Inpainting with Contextual Attentioncited by 580
  7. 2018Image Inpainting for Irregular Holes Using Partial Convolutionscited by 505
  8. 2018Video-to-Video Synthesiscited by 390
  9. 2018YouTube-VOS: A Large-Scale Video Object Segmentation Benchmarkcited by 383
  10. 2018Learning Blind Video Temporal Consistencycited by 253
  11. 2020Learning Joint Spatial-Temporal Transformations for Video Inpaintingcited by 163
  12. 2019Deep Flow-Guided Video Inpaintingcited by 116
10 more
  1. 2019Deep Video Inpaintingcited by 109
  2. 2020Flow-edge Guided Video Completioncited by 104
  3. 2019Free-form Video Inpainting with 3D Gated Convolution and Temporal PatchGANcited by 87
  4. 2018Video Inpainting by Jointly Learning Temporal Structure and Spatial Detailscited by 58
  5. 2019Copy-and-Paste Networks for Deep Video Inpaintingcited by 58
  6. 2019Onion-Peel Networks for Deep Video Completioncited by 46
  7. 2015Video Inpainting of Complex Scenescited by 41
  8. 2020Short-Term and Long-Term Context Aggregation Network for Video Inpaintingcited by 35
  9. 2019An Internal Learning Approach to Video Inpaintingcited by 33
  10. 2020DVI: Depth Guided Video Inpainting for Autonomous Drivingcited by 15

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 6; 2023: 10; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.

28 papers.

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  1. 2022SegNeXt: Rethinking Convolutional Attention Design for Semantic Segmentationcited by 252
  2. 2021Attention Mechanisms in Computer Vision: A Surveycited by 232
  3. 2022Visual Attention Networkcited by 210
  4. 2023ProPainter: Improving Propagation and Transformer for Video Inpaintingcited by 197
  5. 2023FlowFormer++: Masked Cost Volume Autoencoding for Pretraining Optical Flow Estimationcited by 114
  6. 2022Towards An End-to-End Framework for Flow-Guided Video Inpaintingcited by 113
  7. 2025VideoPainter: Any-length Video Inpainting and Editing with Plug-and-Play Context Controlcited by 84
  8. 2023VideoFlow: Exploiting Temporal Cues for Multi-frame Optical Flow Estimationcited by 82
  9. 2025Follow-Your-Creation: Empowering 4D Creation through Video Inpaintingcited by 62
  10. 2022Flow-Guided Transformer for Video Inpaintingcited by 59
  11. 2021Decoupling and Recoupling Spatiotemporal Representation for RGB-D-based Motion Recognitioncited by 13
  12. 2022DeViT: Deformed Vision Transformers in Video Inpaintingcited by 13
16 more
  1. 2023Flow-Guided Diffusion for Video Inpaintingcited by 11
  2. 2026PISCO: Precise Video Instance Insertion with Sparse Controlcited by 10
  3. 2022A Unified Multimodal De- and Re-coupling Framework for RGB-D Motion Recognitioncited by 9
  4. 2023UMIFormer: Mining the Correlations between Similar Tokens for Multi-View 3D Reconstructioncited by 7
  5. 2023Exploiting Optical Flow Guidance for Transformer-Based Video Inpaintingcited by 6
  6. 2024Transformer-based Image and Video Inpainting: Current Challenges and Future Directionscited by 6
  7. 2023Long-Range Grouping Transformer for Multi-View 3D Reconstructioncited by 5
  8. 2023A Lightweight Transformer for Faster and Robust EBSD Data Collectioncited by 3
  9. 2024Towards Online Real-Time Memory-based Video Inpainting Transformerscited by 3
  10. 2021Spatial-Temporal Residual Aggregation for High Resolution Video Inpaintingcited by 2
  11. 2024Raformer: Redundancy-Aware Transformer for Video Wire Inpaintingcited by 2
  12. 2023Multi-stage Factorized Spatio-Temporal Representation for RGB-D Action and Gesture Recognitioncited by 1
  13. 2026GlobalPaint: Spatiotemporal Coherent Video Outpainting with Global Feature Guidancecited by 1
  14. 2023Towards Grouping in Large Scenes with Occlusion-aware Spatio-temporal Transformerscited by 0
  15. 2025A Real-Time Diminished Reality Approach to Privacy in MR Collaborationcited by 0
  16. 2026Transformer-Based Inpainting for Real-Time 3D Streaming in Sparse Multi-Camera Setupscited by 0