mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Inferring CAD Modeling Sequences Using Zone Graphs

arXiv 2104.03900 ↗First posted 30 Mar 2021cs.CG cs.GRcited by 50

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Abstract (arXiv)

In computer-aided design (CAD), the ability to "reverse engineer" the modeling steps used to create 3D shapes is a long-sought-after goal. This process can be decomposed into two sub-problems: converting an input mesh or point cloud into a boundary representation (or B-rep), and then inferring modeling operations which construct this B-rep. In this paper, we present a new system for solving the second sub-problem. Central to our approach is a new geometric representation: the zone graph. Zones are the set of solid regions formed by extending all B-Rep faces and partitioning space with them; a zone graph has these zones as its nodes, with edges denoting geometric adjacencies between them. Zone graphs allow us to tractably work with industry-standard CAD operations, unlike prior work using CSG with parametric primitives. We focus on CAD programs consisting of sketch + extrude + Boolean operations, which are common in CAD practice. We phrase our problem as search in the space of such extrusions permitted by the zone graph, and we train a graph neural network to score potential extrusions in order to accelerate the search. We show that our approach outperforms an existing CSG inference baseline in terms of geometric reconstruction accuracy and reconstruction time, while also creating more plausible modeling sequences.

Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2021.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 7; 2023: 10; 2024: 17; 2025: 6; 2026: 6.

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  1. 2021DeepCAD: A Deep Generative Network for Computer-Aided Design Modelscited by 266
  2. 2022SkexGen: Autoregressive Generation of CAD Construction Sequences with Disentangled Codebookscited by 121
  3. 2024BrepGen: A B-rep Generative Diffusion Model with Structured Latent Geometrycited by 101
  4. 2023Hierarchical Neural Coding for Controllable CAD Model Generationcited by 84
  5. 2022SolidGen: An Autoregressive Model for Direct B-rep Synthesiscited by 78
  6. 2021JoinABLe: Learning Bottom-up Assembly of Parametric CAD Jointscited by 77
  7. 2024CAD-MLLM: Unifying Multimodality-Conditioned CAD Generation With MLLMcited by 74
  8. 2021SketchGen: Generating Constrained CAD Sketchescited by 68
  9. 2025CAD-Llama: Leveraging Large Language Models for Computer-Aided Design Parametric 3D Model Generationcited by 65
  10. 2024CAD-Recode: Reverse Engineering CAD Code from Point Cloudscited by 63
  11. 2024CAD-SIGNet: CAD Language Inference from Point Clouds using Layer-wise Sketch Instance Guided Attentioncited by 62
  12. 2021Point2Cyl: Reverse Engineering 3D Objects from Point Clouds to Extrusion Cylinderscited by 59
38 more
  1. 2023SECAD-Net: Self-Supervised CAD Reconstruction by Learning Sketch-Extrude Operationscited by 46
  2. 2022Reconstructing editable prismatic CAD from rounded voxel modelscited by 41
  3. 2023D2CSG: Unsupervised Learning of Compact CSG Trees with Dual Complements and Dropoutscited by 39
  4. 2024Img2CAD: Conditioned 3D CAD Model Generation from Single Image with Structured Visual Geometrycited by 35
  5. 2024Can Large Language Models Understand Symbolic Graphics Programs?cited by 32
  6. 2025CADCrafter: Generating Computer-Aided Design Models from Unconstrained Imagescited by 31
  7. 2022CADOps-Net: Jointly Learning CAD Operation Types and Steps from Boundary-Representationscited by 30
  8. 2024TransCAD: A Hierarchical Transformer for CAD Sequence Inference from Point Cloudscited by 29
  9. 2025HoLa: B-Rep Generation using a Holistic Latent Representationcited by 29
  10. 2023PLay: Parametrically Conditioned Layout Generation using Latent Diffusioncited by 24
  11. 2023Category-Level Multi-Part Multi-Joint 3D Shape Assemblycited by 22
  12. 2023ShapeCoder: Discovering Abstractions for Visual Programs from Unstructured Primitivescited by 22
  13. 2023SHARP Challenge 2023: Solving CAD History and pArameters Recovery from Point clouds and 3D scans. Overview, Datasets, Metrics, and Baselinescited by 19
  14. 2022ComplexGen: CAD Reconstruction by B-Rep Chain Complex Generationcited by 17
  15. 2024Split-and-Fit: Learning B-Reps via Structure-Aware Voronoi Partitioningcited by 17
  16. 2022Translating a Visual LEGO Manual to a Machine-Executable Plancited by 15
  17. 2024Geometric Deep Learning for Computer-Aided Design: A Surveycited by 14
  18. 2023Improving Unsupervised Visual Program Inference with Code Rewriting Familiescited by 10
  19. 2024PICASSO: A Feed-Forward Framework for Parametric Inference of CAD Sketches via Rendering Self-Supervisioncited by 9
  20. 2025VLMaterial: Procedural Material Generation with Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 9
  21. 2024Learning to Edit Visual Programs with Self-Supervisioncited by 7
  22. 2024ContrastCAD: Contrastive Learning-based Representation Learning for Computer-Aided Design Modelscited by 5
  23. 2022Implicit Conversion of Manifold B-Rep Solids by Neural Halfspace Representationcited by 4
  24. 2024BRep Boundary and Junction Detection for CAD Reverse Engineeringcited by 4
  25. 2025MiCADangelo: Fine-Grained Reconstruction of Constrained CAD Models from 3D Scanscited by 4
  26. 2023A Survey of Methods for Converting Unstructured Data to CSG Modelscited by 3
  27. 2024Learning to Build by Building Your Own Instructionscited by 3
  28. 2024Learning to Infer Generative Template Programs for Visual Conceptscited by 2
  29. 2025Target-Guided Bayesian Flow Networks for Quantitatively Constrained CAD Generationcited by 2
  30. 2026Autoregressive B-Rep Shape Generation with Parametric Surfacescited by 2
  31. 2023Automatic Reverse Engineering: Creating computer-aided design (CAD) models from multi-view imagescited by 1
  32. 2024PS-CAD: Local Geometry Guidance via Prompting and Selection for CAD Reconstructioncited by 1
  33. 2024Pattern Analogies: Learning to Perform Programmatic Image Edits by Analogycited by 0
  34. 2026Flatten The Complex: Joint B-Rep Generation via Compositional k-Cell Particlescited by 0
  35. 2026PLLM: Pseudo-Labeling Large Language Models for CAD Program Synthesiscited by 0
  36. 2026GeoFusion-CAD: Structure-Aware Diffusion with Geometric State Space for Parametric 3D Designcited by 0
  37. 2026CADENA: Stepwise CAD Reverse Engineeringcited by 0
  38. 2026RealCAD: Towards Real-World Image-to-CAD Reconstruction under Domain Shift and Parameter Biascited by 0