Text to Image Generation with Semantic-Spatial Aware GAN
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Abstract (arXiv)
Text-to-image synthesis (T2I) aims to generate photo-realistic images which are semantically consistent with the text descriptions. Existing methods are usually built upon conditional generative adversarial networks (GANs) and initialize an image from noise with sentence embedding, and then refine the features with fine-grained word embedding iteratively. A close inspection of their generated images reveals a major limitation: even though the generated image holistically matches the description, individual image regions or parts of somethings are often not recognizable or consistent with words in the sentence, e.g. "a white crown". To address this problem, we propose a novel framework Semantic-Spatial Aware GAN for synthesizing images from input text. Concretely, we introduce a simple and effective Semantic-Spatial Aware block, which (1) learns semantic-adaptive transformation conditioned on text to effectively fuse text features and image features, and (2) learns a semantic mask in a weakly-supervised way that depends on the current text-image fusion process in order to guide the transformation spatially. Experiments on the challenging COCO and CUB bird datasets demonstrate the advantage of our method over the recent state-of-the-art approaches, regarding both visual fidelity and alignment with input text description.
Key facts. Cited by 53 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Apr 2021.
Builds on
33 of 45 references.
References · 33
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
- 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,608
- 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,498
- 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 6,013
- 2015Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Visioncited by 5,475
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- 2014Conditional Generative Adversarial Netscited by 2,162
- 2015Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2,054
- 2019Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 1,299
- 2016Generative Adversarial Text to Image Synthesiscited by 735
21 more
- 2017AttnGAN: Fine-Grained Text to Image Generation with Attentional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 664
- 2016StackGAN: Text to Photo-realistic Image Synthesis with Stacked Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 577
- 2016A Learned Representation For Artistic Stylecited by 341
- 2018Image Generation from Scene Graphscited by 324
- 2019DM-GAN: Dynamic Memory Generative Adversarial Networks for Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 308
- 2021Cross-Modal Contrastive Learning for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 259
- 2017StackGAN++: Realistic Image Synthesis with Stacked Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 229
- 2016SCA-CNN: Spatial and Channel-wise Attention in Convolutional Networks for Image Captioningcited by 219
- 2017GANs Trained by a Two Time-Scale Update Rule Converge to a Local Nash Equilibriumcited by 213
- 2019Controllable Text-to-Image Generationcited by 187
- 2019MirrorGAN: Learning Text-to-image Generation by Redescriptioncited by 176
- 2017Stabilizing Training of Generative Adversarial Networks through Regularizationcited by 118
- 2019Object-driven Text-to-Image Synthesis via Adversarial Trainingcited by 117
- 2019Learning to Predict Layout-to-image Conditional Convolutions for Semantic Image Synthesiscited by 108
- 2018Inferring Semantic Layout for Hierarchical Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 101
- 2019Specifying Object Attributes and Relations in Interactive Scene Generationcited by 76
- 2018Photographic Text-to-Image Synthesis with a Hierarchically-nested Adversarial Networkcited by 64
- 2019Semantics Disentangling for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 61
- 2021Context-Aware Layout to Image Generation with Enhanced Object Appearancecited by 41
- 2020Text-to-Image Generation Grounded by Fine-Grained User Attentioncited by 36
- 2020DTGAN: Dual Attention Generative Adversarial Networks for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 14
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 19; 2024: 9; 2025: 15; 2026: 5.
53 papers.
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- 2026Envisioning Beyond the Few: Disentangled Semantics and Primitives for Few-Shot Atypical Layout-to-Image Generation29 May 2026
- 2026Aligning the True Semantics: Constrained Decoupling and Distribution Sampling for Cross-Modal Alignment5 Mar 2026
- 2025EMMA: Concept Erasure Benchmark with Comprehensive Semantic Metrics and Diverse Categories19 Dec 2025
- 2025SUGAR: A Sweeter Spot for Generative Unlearning of Many Identities6 Dec 2025
- 2025Coffee: Controllable Diffusion Fine-tuning18 Nov 2025
- 2025Reliable Cross-modal Alignment via Prototype Iterative Construction13 Oct 2025
- 2025Asynchronous Denoising Diffusion Models for Aligning Text-to-Image Generation6 Oct 2025
- 2025An LLM-LVLM Driven Agent for Iterative and Fine-Grained Image Editing24 Aug 2025
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- 2025PartStickers: Generating Parts of Objects for Rapid Prototyping7 Apr 2025
- 2025Intelligent Mobile AI-Generated Content Services via Interactive Prompt Engineering and Dynamic Service Provisioning17 Feb 2025
- 2025G2PDiffusion: Cross-Species Genotype-to-Phenotype Prediction via Evolutionary Diffusion7 Feb 2025
- 2025End-to-end Training for Text-to-Image Synthesis using Dual-Text Embeddings3 Feb 2025
- 2025A Machine Learning Framework for Handling Unreliable Absence Label and Class Imbalance for Marine Stinger Beaching Prediction20 Jan 2025
- 2024Facial Expression Analysis and Its Potentials in IoT Systems: A Contemporary Survey23 Dec 2024
- 2024LaMI-GO: Latent Mixture Integration for Goal-Oriented Communications Achieving High Spectrum Efficiency18 Dec 2024
- 2024Offline Evaluation of Set-Based Text-to-Image Generation22 Oct 2024
- 2024Contrasting Deepfakes Diffusion via Contrastive Learning and Global-Local Similarities29 Jul 2024
- 2024Guardians of the Quantum GAN24 Apr 2024
- 2024Text-IF: Leveraging Semantic Text Guidance for Degradation-Aware and Interactive Image Fusion25 Mar 2024
- 2024ARtVista: Gateway To Empower Anyone Into Artist13 Mar 2024
- 2024Social Reward: Evaluating and Enhancing Generative AI through Million-User Feedback from an Online Creative Community15 Feb 2024
- 2024EmoGen: Emotional Image Content Generation with Text-to-Image Diffusion Models9 Jan 2024
- 2023The Right Losses for the Right Gains: Improving the Semantic Consistency of Deep Text-to-Image Generation with Distribution-Sensitive Losses18 Dec 2023
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- 2023Not All Image Regions Matter: Masked Vector Quantization for Autoregressive Image Generation23 May 2023
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- 2023Not Only Generative Art: Stable Diffusion for Content-Style Disentanglement in Art Analysis20 Apr 2023
- 2023A review of ensemble learning and data augmentation models for class imbalanced problems: combination, implementation and evaluation6 Apr 2023
- 2023Taming Encoder for Zero Fine-tuning Image Customization with Text-to-Image Diffusion Models5 Apr 2023
- 2023Toward Verifiable and Reproducible Human Evaluation for Text-to-Image Generation4 Apr 2023
- 2023Indonesian Text-to-Image Synthesis with Sentence-BERT and FastGAN25 Mar 2023
- 2023Paint it Black: Generating paintings from text descriptions17 Feb 2023
- 2023Shape-aware Text-driven Layered Video Editing30 Jan 2023
- 2023Attribute-Centric Compositional Text-to-Image Generation4 Jan 2023
- 2022SceneComposer: Any-Level Semantic Image Synthesis21 Nov 2022
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- 2023RenAIssance: A Survey into AI Text-to-Image Generation in the Era of Large Modelcited by 47
- 2024EmoGen: Emotional Image Content Generation with Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 37
- 2023Not Only Generative Art: Stable Diffusion for Content-Style Disentanglement in Art Analysiscited by 18
- 2023DiffusionAtlas: High-Fidelity Consistent Diffusion Video Editingcited by 6
- 2023DIFFNAT: Improving Diffusion Image Quality Using Natural Image Statisticscited by 5
- 2025Asynchronous Denoising Diffusion Models for Aligning Text-to-Image Generationcited by 3
- 2025Coffee: Controllable Diffusion Fine-tuningcited by 1
- 2025Coffee: Controllable Diffusion Fine-tuning18 Nov 2025
- 2025Asynchronous Denoising Diffusion Models for Aligning Text-to-Image Generation6 Oct 2025
- 2024EmoGen: Emotional Image Content Generation with Text-to-Image Diffusion Models9 Jan 2024
- 2023DiffusionAtlas: High-Fidelity Consistent Diffusion Video Editing5 Dec 2023
- 2023DIFFNAT: Improving Diffusion Image Quality Using Natural Image Statistics16 Nov 2023
- 2023RenAIssance: A Survey into AI Text-to-Image Generation in the Era of Large Model2 Sep 2023
- 2023TextDiffuser: Diffusion Models as Text Painters18 May 2023
- 2023Not Only Generative Art: Stable Diffusion for Content-Style Disentanglement in Art Analysis20 Apr 2023
- 2023Taming Encoder for Zero Fine-tuning Image Customization with Text-to-Image Diffusion Models5 Apr 2023
- 2022Frido: Feature Pyramid Diffusion for Complex Scene Image Synthesis29 Aug 2022
- 2024Text-IF: Leveraging Semantic Text Guidance for Degradation-Aware and Interactive Image Fusioncited by 84
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- 2023Shape-aware Text-driven Layered Video Editingcited by 54
- 2022SceneComposer: Any-Level Semantic Image Synthesiscited by 43
- 2023Not All Image Regions Matter: Masked Vector Quantization for Autoregressive Image Generationcited by 28
- 2024Contrasting Deepfakes Diffusion via Contrastive Learning and Global-Local Similaritiescited by 27
- 2023A review of ensemble learning and data augmentation models for class imbalanced problems: combination, implementation and evaluationcited by 25
- 2023Attribute-Centric Compositional Text-to-Image Generationcited by 19
- 2025UniEmo: Unifying Emotional Understanding and Generation with Learnable Expert Queriescited by 18
- 2023TP2O: Creative Text Pair-to-Object Generation using Balance Swap-Samplingcited by 16
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- 2026CoFi-UCGen: Coarse-to-Fine Unsupervised Conditional Generation without Label Priors4 Jun 2026
- 2026Envisioning Beyond the Few: Disentangled Semantics and Primitives for Few-Shot Atypical Layout-to-Image Generation29 May 2026
- 2026Aligning the True Semantics: Constrained Decoupling and Distribution Sampling for Cross-Modal Alignment5 Mar 2026
- 2025EMMA: Concept Erasure Benchmark with Comprehensive Semantic Metrics and Diverse Categories19 Dec 2025
- 2025Reliable Cross-modal Alignment via Prototype Iterative Construction13 Oct 2025
- 2025T2UE: Generating Unlearnable Examples from Text Descriptions5 Aug 2025
- 2025UniEmo: Unifying Emotional Understanding and Generation with Learnable Expert Queries31 Jul 2025
- 2025α-GAN by R'enyi Cross Entropy20 May 2025
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