mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Text to Image Generation with Semantic-Spatial Aware GAN

arXiv 2104.00567 ↗First posted 1 Apr 2021cs.CV cs.LGcited by 53

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Abstract (arXiv)

Text-to-image synthesis (T2I) aims to generate photo-realistic images which are semantically consistent with the text descriptions. Existing methods are usually built upon conditional generative adversarial networks (GANs) and initialize an image from noise with sentence embedding, and then refine the features with fine-grained word embedding iteratively. A close inspection of their generated images reveals a major limitation: even though the generated image holistically matches the description, individual image regions or parts of somethings are often not recognizable or consistent with words in the sentence, e.g. "a white crown". To address this problem, we propose a novel framework Semantic-Spatial Aware GAN for synthesizing images from input text. Concretely, we introduce a simple and effective Semantic-Spatial Aware block, which (1) learns semantic-adaptive transformation conditioned on text to effectively fuse text features and image features, and (2) learns a semantic mask in a weakly-supervised way that depends on the current text-image fusion process in order to guide the transformation spatially. Experiments on the challenging COCO and CUB bird datasets demonstrate the advantage of our method over the recent state-of-the-art approaches, regarding both visual fidelity and alignment with input text description.

Key facts. Cited by 53 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Apr 2021.

Builds on

33 of 45 references.

References · 33

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  2. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,608
  3. 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,498
  4. 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 6,013
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  8. 2018Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesiscited by 2,626
  9. 2014Conditional Generative Adversarial Netscited by 2,162
  10. 2015Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2,054
  11. 2019Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 1,299
  12. 2016Generative Adversarial Text to Image Synthesiscited by 735
21 more
  1. 2017AttnGAN: Fine-Grained Text to Image Generation with Attentional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 664
  2. 2016StackGAN: Text to Photo-realistic Image Synthesis with Stacked Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 577
  3. 2016A Learned Representation For Artistic Stylecited by 341
  4. 2018Image Generation from Scene Graphscited by 324
  5. 2019DM-GAN: Dynamic Memory Generative Adversarial Networks for Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 308
  6. 2021Cross-Modal Contrastive Learning for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 259
  7. 2017StackGAN++: Realistic Image Synthesis with Stacked Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 229
  8. 2016SCA-CNN: Spatial and Channel-wise Attention in Convolutional Networks for Image Captioningcited by 219
  9. 2017GANs Trained by a Two Time-Scale Update Rule Converge to a Local Nash Equilibriumcited by 213
  10. 2019Controllable Text-to-Image Generationcited by 187
  11. 2019MirrorGAN: Learning Text-to-image Generation by Redescriptioncited by 176
  12. 2017Stabilizing Training of Generative Adversarial Networks through Regularizationcited by 118
  13. 2019Object-driven Text-to-Image Synthesis via Adversarial Trainingcited by 117
  14. 2019Learning to Predict Layout-to-image Conditional Convolutions for Semantic Image Synthesiscited by 108
  15. 2018Inferring Semantic Layout for Hierarchical Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 101
  16. 2019Specifying Object Attributes and Relations in Interactive Scene Generationcited by 76
  17. 2018Photographic Text-to-Image Synthesis with a Hierarchically-nested Adversarial Networkcited by 64
  18. 2019Semantics Disentangling for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 61
  19. 2021Context-Aware Layout to Image Generation with Enhanced Object Appearancecited by 41
  20. 2020Text-to-Image Generation Grounded by Fine-Grained User Attentioncited by 36
  21. 2020DTGAN: Dual Attention Generative Adversarial Networks for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 14

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 19; 2024: 9; 2025: 15; 2026: 5.

53 papers.

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  1. 2023TextDiffuser: Diffusion Models as Text Painterscited by 229
  2. 2023Taming Encoder for Zero Fine-tuning Image Customization with Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 117
  3. 2024Text-IF: Leveraging Semantic Text Guidance for Degradation-Aware and Interactive Image Fusioncited by 84
  4. 2022Frido: Feature Pyramid Diffusion for Complex Scene Image Synthesiscited by 75
  5. 2023Toward Verifiable and Reproducible Human Evaluation for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 68
  6. 2023Shape-aware Text-driven Layered Video Editingcited by 54
  7. 2023RenAIssance: A Survey into AI Text-to-Image Generation in the Era of Large Modelcited by 47
  8. 2022SceneComposer: Any-Level Semantic Image Synthesiscited by 43
  9. 2024EmoGen: Emotional Image Content Generation with Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 37
  10. 2023Not All Image Regions Matter: Masked Vector Quantization for Autoregressive Image Generationcited by 28
  11. 2024Contrasting Deepfakes Diffusion via Contrastive Learning and Global-Local Similaritiescited by 27
  12. 2023A review of ensemble learning and data augmentation models for class imbalanced problems: combination, implementation and evaluationcited by 25
38 more
  1. 2023Attribute-Centric Compositional Text-to-Image Generationcited by 19
  2. 2023Not Only Generative Art: Stable Diffusion for Content-Style Disentanglement in Art Analysiscited by 18
  3. 2025UniEmo: Unifying Emotional Understanding and Generation with Learnable Expert Queriescited by 18
  4. 2023TP2O: Creative Text Pair-to-Object Generation using Balance Swap-Samplingcited by 16
  5. 2023Multimodal Machine Learning in Image-Based and Clinical Biomedicine: Survey and Prospectscited by 15
  6. 2022Recurrent Affine Transformation for Text-to-image Synthesiscited by 11
  7. 2022HumanDiffusion: a Coarse-to-Fine Alignment Diffusion Framework for Controllable Text-Driven Person Image Generationcited by 11
  8. 2025Hadamard product in deep learning: Introduction, Advances and Challengescited by 9
  9. 2023Vision + Language Applications: A Surveycited by 8
  10. 2024Social Reward: Evaluating and Enhancing Generative AI through Million-User Feedback from an Online Creative Communitycited by 8
  11. 2025An LLM-LVLM Driven Agent for Iterative and Fine-Grained Image Editingcited by 7
  12. 2023DiffusionAtlas: High-Fidelity Consistent Diffusion Video Editingcited by 6
  13. 2023DIFFNAT: Improving Diffusion Image Quality Using Natural Image Statisticscited by 5
  14. 2024Facial Expression Analysis and Its Potentials in IoT Systems: A Contemporary Surveycited by 5
  15. 2022T-Person-GAN: Text-to-Person Image Generation with Identity-Consistency and Manifold Mix-Upcited by 4
  16. 2025EMMA: Concept Erasure Benchmark with Comprehensive Semantic Metrics and Diverse Categoriescited by 4
  17. 2023Paint it Black: Generating paintings from text descriptionscited by 3
  18. 2025T2UE: Generating Unlearnable Examples from Text Descriptionscited by 3
  19. 2025Asynchronous Denoising Diffusion Models for Aligning Text-to-Image Generationcited by 3
  20. 2023Perceptual Image Compression with Cooperative Cross-Modal Side Informationcited by 2
  21. 2024Guardians of the Quantum GANcited by 2
  22. 2025G2PDiffusion: Cross-Species Genotype-to-Phenotype Prediction via Evolutionary Diffusioncited by 2
  23. 2026Envisioning Beyond the Few: Disentangled Semantics and Primitives for Few-Shot Atypical Layout-to-Image Generationcited by 2
  24. 2023Indonesian Text-to-Image Synthesis with Sentence-BERT and FastGANcited by 1
  25. 2023STELLA: Continual Audio-Video Pre-training with Spatio-Temporal Localized Alignmentcited by 1
  26. 2023The Right Losses for the Right Gains: Improving the Semantic Consistency of Deep Text-to-Image Generation with Distribution-Sensitive Lossescited by 1
  27. 2024ARtVista: Gateway To Empower Anyone Into Artistcited by 1
  28. 2024Offline Evaluation of Set-Based Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1
  29. 2024LaMI-GO: Latent Mixture Integration for Goal-Oriented Communications Achieving High Spectrum Efficiencycited by 1
  30. 2025End-to-end Training for Text-to-Image Synthesis using Dual-Text Embeddingscited by 1
  31. 2025Reliable Cross-modal Alignment via Prototype Iterative Constructioncited by 1
  32. 2025Coffee: Controllable Diffusion Fine-tuningcited by 1
  33. 2025SUGAR: A Sweeter Spot for Generative Unlearning of Many Identitiescited by 1
  34. 2025A Machine Learning Framework for Handling Unreliable Absence Label and Class Imbalance for Marine Stinger Beaching Predictioncited by 0
  35. 2025Intelligent Mobile AI-Generated Content Services via Interactive Prompt Engineering and Dynamic Service Provisioningcited by 0
  36. 2025PartStickers: Generating Parts of Objects for Rapid Prototypingcited by 0
  37. 2025α-GAN by R'enyi Cross Entropycited by 0
  38. 2026Aligning the True Semantics: Constrained Decoupling and Distribution Sampling for Cross-Modal Alignmentcited by 0

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