Locate then Segment: A Strong Pipeline for Referring Image Segmentation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Referring image segmentation aims to segment the objects referred by a natural language expression. Previous methods usually focus on designing an implicit and recurrent feature interaction mechanism to fuse the visual-linguistic features to directly generate the final segmentation mask without explicitly modeling the localization information of the referent instances. To tackle these problems, we view this task from another perspective by decoupling it into a "Locate-Then-Segment" (LTS) scheme. Given a language expression, people generally first perform attention to the corresponding target image regions, then generate a fine segmentation mask about the object based on its context. The LTS first extracts and fuses both visual and textual features to get a cross-modal representation, then applies a cross-model interaction on the visual-textual features to locate the referred object with position prior, and finally generates the segmentation result with a light-weight segmentation network. Our LTS is simple but surprisingly effective. On three popular benchmark datasets, the LTS outperforms all the previous state-of-the-art methods by a large margin (e.g., +3.2% on RefCOCO+ and +3.4% on RefCOCOg). In addition, our model is more interpretable with explicitly locating the object, which is also proved by visualization experiments. We believe this framework is promising to serve as a strong baseline for referring image segmentation.
Key facts. Cited by 98 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2021.
Builds on
29 of 38 references.
References · 29
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17 more
- 2016RefineNet: Multi-Path Refinement Networks for High-Resolution Semantic Segmentationcited by 463
- 2019PointRend: Image Segmentation as Renderingcited by 439
- 2018MAttNet: Modular Attention Network for Referring Expression Comprehensioncited by 427
- 2017Residual Attention Network for Image Classificationcited by 385
- 2019Attention Augmented Convolutional Networkscited by 363
- 2019SOLO: Segmenting Objects by Locationscited by 289
- 2019Cross-Modal Self-Attention Network for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 263
- 2016Segmentation from Natural Language Expressionscited by 257
- 2016Modeling Context Between Objects for Referring Expression Understandingcited by 250
- 2020Multi-task Collaborative Network for Joint Referring Expression Comprehension and Segmentationcited by 204
- 2018Learning to Assemble Neural Module Tree Networks for Visual Groundingcited by 139
- 2020Referring Image Segmentation via Cross-Modal Progressive Comprehensioncited by 131
- 2017Recurrent Multimodal Interaction for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 125
- 2016Modeling Relationships in Referential Expressions with Compositional Modular Networkscited by 106
- 2020Linguistic Structure Guided Context Modeling for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 102
- 2018Dynamic Multimodal Instance Segmentation guided by natural language queriescited by 83
- 2019Referring Expression Object Segmentation with Caption-Aware Consistencycited by 46
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 11; 2023: 37; 2024: 23; 2025: 15; 2026: 6.
98 papers.
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- 2021CRIS: CLIP-Driven Referring Image Segmentationcited by 353
- 2021LAVT: Language-Aware Vision Transformer for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 347
- 2023Unleashing Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Visual Perceptioncited by 266
- 2023GRES: Generalized Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 252
- 2023MeViS: A Large-scale Benchmark for Video Segmentation with Motion Expressionscited by 225
- 2023Universal Instance Perception as Object Discovery and Retrievalcited by 190
- 2023GSVA: Generalized Segmentation via Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 153
- 2023PolyFormer: Referring Image Segmentation as Sequential Polygon Generationcited by 147
- 2021Referring Transformer: A One-step Approach to Multi-task Visual Groundingcited by 143
- 2022SeqTR: A Simple yet Universal Network for Visual Groundingcited by 138
- 2022ReSTR: Convolution-free Referring Image Segmentation Using Transformerscited by 112
- 2022VLT: Vision-Language Transformer and Query Generation for Referring Segmentationcited by 110
38 more
- 2023Rotated Multi-Scale Interaction Network for Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentationcited by 76
- 2023Beyond One-to-One: Rethinking the Referring Image Segmentationcited by 68
- 2024SAM4MLLM: Enhance Multi-Modal Large Language Model for Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 68
- 2023Zero-shot Referring Image Segmentation with Global-Local Context Featurescited by 61
- 2023RRSIS: Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentationcited by 59
- 2024LaSagnA: Language-based Segmentation Assistant for Complex Queriescited by 55
- 2023Contrastive Grouping with Transformer for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 54
- 2023Hierarchical Open-vocabulary Universal Image Segmentationcited by 53
- 2023Jack of All Tasks, Master of Many: Designing General-purpose Coarse-to-Fine Vision-Language Modelcited by 52
- 2022Language-Bridged Spatial-Temporal Interaction for Referring Video Object Segmentationcited by 50
- 2022Towards Robust Referring Image Segmentationcited by 49
- 2024ClipSAM: CLIP and SAM Collaboration for Zero-Shot Anomaly Segmentationcited by 49
- 2024ReMamber: Referring Image Segmentation with Mamba Twistercited by 38
- 2023Multi-Modal Mutual Attention and Iterative Interaction for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 36
- 2023Language Adaptive Weight Generation for Multi-task Visual Groundingcited by 35
- 2023Referring Image Segmentation Using Text Supervisioncited by 35
- 2025MeViS: A Multi-Modal Dataset for Referring Motion Expression Video Segmentationcited by 34
- 2023Universal Segmentation at Arbitrary Granularity with Language Instructioncited by 29
- 2022CoupAlign: Coupling Word-Pixel with Sentence-Mask Alignments for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 28
- 2023Temporal Collection and Distribution for Referring Video Object Segmentationcited by 27
- 2025IteRPrimE: Zero-shot Referring Image Segmentation with Iterative Grad-CAM Refinement and Primary Word Emphasiscited by 26
- 2023RefSAM: Efficiently Adapting Segmenting Anything Model for Referring Video Object Segmentationcited by 24
- 2024Exploring Fine-Grained Image-Text Alignment for Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentationcited by 24
- 2023UniRef++: Segment Every Reference Object in Spatial and Temporal Spacescited by 22
- 2025Multimodal Referring Segmentation: A Surveycited by 22
- 2023Unveiling Parts Beyond Objects:Towards Finer-Granularity Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 21
- 2024An Efficient and Effective Transformer Decoder-Based Framework for Multi-Task Visual Groundingcited by 21
- 2024Cross-aware Early Fusion with Stage-divided Vision and Language Transformer Encoders for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 21
- 2022Phrase-Based Affordance Detection via Cyclic Bilateral Interactioncited by 19
- 2023Language-Guided 3D Object Detection in Point Cloud for Autonomous Drivingcited by 19
- 2023Referring Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2023Extending CLIP's Image-Text Alignment to Referring Image Segmentationcited by 19
- 2022Modeling Motion with Multi-Modal Features for Text-Based Video Segmentationcited by 18
- 2023Meta Compositional Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 18
- 20243D-GRES: Generalized 3D Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 18
- 2021Towards Language-guided Visual Recognition via Dynamic Convolutionscited by 17
- 2023Semantics-Aware Dynamic Localization and Refinement for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 16
- 2023CM-MaskSD: Cross-Modality Masked Self-Distillation for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 15
50 most cited of 98 All 98 (JSON)
- 2026Attribute Retrieving for Open-Vocabulary Endoscopic Compositional Referring Segmentation9 Jul 2026
- 2026AnchorSeg: Language Grounded Query Banks for Reasoning Segmentation20 Apr 2026
- 2026Tarot-SAM3: Training-free SAM3 for Any Referring Expression Segmentation9 Apr 2026
- 2026SSP-SAM: SAM with Semantic-Spatial Prompt for Referring Expression Segmentation18 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards Motion-aware Referring Image Segmentation18 Mar 2026
- 2026GREx: Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation, Comprehension, and Generation8 Jan 2026
- 2025MeViS: A Multi-Modal Dataset for Referring Motion Expression Video Segmentation11 Dec 2025
- 2025Layover or Direct Flight: Rethinking Audio-Guided Image Segmentation27 Nov 2025
- 2025V2-SAM: Marrying SAM2 with Multi-Prompt Experts for Cross-View Object Correspondence25 Nov 2025
- 2025UGround: Towards Unified Visual Grounding with Unrolled Transformers4 Oct 2025
- 2025Improving Generalized Visual Grounding with Instance-aware Joint Learning17 Sep 2025
- 2025TFANet: Three-Stage Image-Text Feature Alignment Network for Robust Referring Image Segmentation16 Sep 2025
38 more
- 2025Unlocking the Potential of MLLMs in Referring Expression Segmentation via a Light-weight Mask Decoder6 Aug 2025
- 2025Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation with Cross-view Semantics Interaction Network2 Aug 2025
- 2025Multimodal Referring Segmentation: A Survey1 Aug 2025
- 2025Refer to Any Segmentation Mask Group With Vision-Language Prompts5 Jun 2025
- 2025A Large-Scale Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation Dataset and Benchmark4 Jun 2025
- 2025Segment Anyword: Mask Prompt Inversion for Open-Set Grounded Segmentation23 May 2025
- 2025Progressive Language-guided Visual Learning for Multi-Task Visual Grounding22 Apr 2025
- 2025Towards Unified Referring Expression Segmentation Across Omni-Level Visual Target Granularities2 Apr 2025
- 2025IteRPrimE: Zero-shot Referring Image Segmentation with Iterative Grad-CAM Refinement and Primary Word Emphasis2 Mar 2025
- 2024Referencing Where to Focus: Improving VisualGrounding with Referential Query26 Dec 2024
- 2024ROSE: Revolutionizing Open-Set Dense Segmentation with Patch-Wise Perceptual Large Multimodal Model29 Nov 2024
- 2024Finding NeMo: Negative-mined Mosaic Augmentation for Referring Image Segmentation3 Nov 2024
- 2024Fully Aligned Network for Referring Image Segmentation29 Sep 2024
- 2024Exploring Fine-Grained Image-Text Alignment for Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation20 Sep 2024
- 2024Instruction-guided Multi-Granularity Segmentation and Captioning with Large Multimodal Model20 Sep 2024
- 2024SAM4MLLM: Enhance Multi-Modal Large Language Model for Referring Expression Segmentation1 Sep 2024
- 2024A Simple Baseline with Single-encoder for Referring Image Segmentation28 Aug 2024
- 2024Cross-aware Early Fusion with Stage-divided Vision and Language Transformer Encoders for Referring Image Segmentation14 Aug 2024
- 2024An Efficient and Effective Transformer Decoder-Based Framework for Multi-Task Visual Grounding2 Aug 2024
- 20243D-GRES: Generalized 3D Referring Expression Segmentation30 Jul 2024
- 2024Pseudo-RIS: Distinctive Pseudo-supervision Generation for Referring Image Segmentation10 Jul 2024
- 2024SafaRi:Adaptive Sequence Transformer for Weakly Supervised Referring Expression Segmentation2 Jul 2024
- 2024CoHD: A Counting-Aware Hierarchical Decoding Framework for Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation24 May 2024
- 2024Bring Adaptive Binding Prototypes to Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation24 May 2024
- 2024Spatial Semantic Recurrent Mining for Referring Image Segmentation15 May 2024
- 2024LaSagnA: Language-based Segmentation Assistant for Complex Queries12 Apr 2024
- 2024Calibration & Reconstruction: Deep Integrated Language for Referring Image Segmentation12 Apr 2024
- 2024Deep Instruction Tuning for Segment Anything Model31 Mar 2024
- 2024ReMamber: Referring Image Segmentation with Mamba Twister26 Mar 2024
- 2024RESMatch: Referring Expression Segmentation in a Semi-Supervised Manner8 Feb 2024
- 2024ClipSAM: CLIP and SAM Collaboration for Zero-Shot Anomaly Segmentation23 Jan 2024
- 2024Collaborative Position Reasoning Network for Referring Image Segmentation22 Jan 2024
- 2023UniRef++: Segment Every Reference Object in Spatial and Temporal Spaces25 Dec 2023
- 2023Rotated Multi-Scale Interaction Network for Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation19 Dec 2023
- 2023Jack of All Tasks, Master of Many: Designing General-purpose Coarse-to-Fine Vision-Language Model19 Dec 2023
- 2023GSVA: Generalized Segmentation via Multimodal Large Language Models15 Dec 2023
- 2023Unveiling Parts Beyond Objects:Towards Finer-Granularity Referring Expression Segmentation13 Dec 2023
- 2023Universal Segmentation at Arbitrary Granularity with Language Instruction4 Dec 2023
50 newest of 98 All 98 (JSON)
- 2023Unleashing Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Visual Perceptioncited by 266
- 2023GSVA: Generalized Segmentation via Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 153
- 2024SAM4MLLM: Enhance Multi-Modal Large Language Model for Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 68
- 2023Jack of All Tasks, Master of Many: Designing General-purpose Coarse-to-Fine Vision-Language Modelcited by 52
- 2024Instruction-guided Multi-Granularity Segmentation and Captioning with Large Multimodal Modelcited by 8
- 2024ROSE: Revolutionizing Open-Set Dense Segmentation with Patch-Wise Perceptual Large Multimodal Modelcited by 4
- 2024ROSE: Revolutionizing Open-Set Dense Segmentation with Patch-Wise Perceptual Large Multimodal Model29 Nov 2024
- 2024Instruction-guided Multi-Granularity Segmentation and Captioning with Large Multimodal Model20 Sep 2024
- 2024SAM4MLLM: Enhance Multi-Modal Large Language Model for Referring Expression Segmentation1 Sep 2024
- 2023Jack of All Tasks, Master of Many: Designing General-purpose Coarse-to-Fine Vision-Language Model19 Dec 2023
- 2023GSVA: Generalized Segmentation via Multimodal Large Language Models15 Dec 2023
- 2023Unleashing Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Visual Perception3 Mar 2023
- 2024ReMamber: Referring Image Segmentation with Mamba Twistercited by 38
- 2024ReMamber: Referring Image Segmentation with Mamba Twister26 Mar 2024
- 2021CRIS: CLIP-Driven Referring Image Segmentationcited by 353
- 2021LAVT: Language-Aware Vision Transformer for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 347
- 2023GRES: Generalized Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 252
- 2023MeViS: A Large-scale Benchmark for Video Segmentation with Motion Expressionscited by 225
- 2023Universal Instance Perception as Object Discovery and Retrievalcited by 190
- 2023PolyFormer: Referring Image Segmentation as Sequential Polygon Generationcited by 147
- 2021Referring Transformer: A One-step Approach to Multi-task Visual Groundingcited by 143
- 2022SeqTR: A Simple yet Universal Network for Visual Groundingcited by 138
- 2022ReSTR: Convolution-free Referring Image Segmentation Using Transformerscited by 112
- 2022VLT: Vision-Language Transformer and Query Generation for Referring Segmentationcited by 110
- 2023Rotated Multi-Scale Interaction Network for Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentationcited by 76
- 2023Beyond One-to-One: Rethinking the Referring Image Segmentationcited by 68
12 most cited of 91 All 91 (JSON)
- 2026Attribute Retrieving for Open-Vocabulary Endoscopic Compositional Referring Segmentation9 Jul 2026
- 2026AnchorSeg: Language Grounded Query Banks for Reasoning Segmentation20 Apr 2026
- 2026Tarot-SAM3: Training-free SAM3 for Any Referring Expression Segmentation9 Apr 2026
- 2026SSP-SAM: SAM with Semantic-Spatial Prompt for Referring Expression Segmentation18 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards Motion-aware Referring Image Segmentation18 Mar 2026
- 2026GREx: Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation, Comprehension, and Generation8 Jan 2026
- 2025MeViS: A Multi-Modal Dataset for Referring Motion Expression Video Segmentation11 Dec 2025
- 2025Layover or Direct Flight: Rethinking Audio-Guided Image Segmentation27 Nov 2025
- 2025V2-SAM: Marrying SAM2 with Multi-Prompt Experts for Cross-View Object Correspondence25 Nov 2025
- 2025UGround: Towards Unified Visual Grounding with Unrolled Transformers4 Oct 2025
- 2025Improving Generalized Visual Grounding with Instance-aware Joint Learning17 Sep 2025
- 2025TFANet: Three-Stage Image-Text Feature Alignment Network for Robust Referring Image Segmentation16 Sep 2025
12 newest of 91 All 91 (JSON)