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Locate then Segment: A Strong Pipeline for Referring Image Segmentation

arXiv 2103.16284 ↗First posted 30 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 98

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Abstract (arXiv)

Referring image segmentation aims to segment the objects referred by a natural language expression. Previous methods usually focus on designing an implicit and recurrent feature interaction mechanism to fuse the visual-linguistic features to directly generate the final segmentation mask without explicitly modeling the localization information of the referent instances. To tackle these problems, we view this task from another perspective by decoupling it into a "Locate-Then-Segment" (LTS) scheme. Given a language expression, people generally first perform attention to the corresponding target image regions, then generate a fine segmentation mask about the object based on its context. The LTS first extracts and fuses both visual and textual features to get a cross-modal representation, then applies a cross-model interaction on the visual-textual features to locate the referred object with position prior, and finally generates the segmentation result with a light-weight segmentation network. Our LTS is simple but surprisingly effective. On three popular benchmark datasets, the LTS outperforms all the previous state-of-the-art methods by a large margin (e.g., +3.2% on RefCOCO+ and +3.4% on RefCOCOg). In addition, our model is more interpretable with explicitly locating the object, which is also proved by visualization experiments. We believe this framework is promising to serve as a strong baseline for referring image segmentation.

Key facts. Cited by 98 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2021.

Builds on

29 of 38 references.

References · 29

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  4. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
  5. 2014Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentationcited by 4,845
  6. 2016DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFscited by 3,239
  7. 2018YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvementcited by 2,652
  8. 2016Pyramid Scene Parsing Networkcited by 2,472
  9. 2014Empirical Evaluation of Gated Recurrent Neural Networks on Sequence Modelingcited by 2,341
  10. 2015SegNet: A Deep Convolutional Encoder-Decoder Architecture for Image Segmentationcited by 1,483
  11. 2015Generation and Comprehension of Unambiguous Object Descriptionscited by 897
  12. 2016Fully-Convolutional Siamese Networks for Object Trackingcited by 566
17 more
  1. 2016RefineNet: Multi-Path Refinement Networks for High-Resolution Semantic Segmentationcited by 463
  2. 2019PointRend: Image Segmentation as Renderingcited by 439
  3. 2018MAttNet: Modular Attention Network for Referring Expression Comprehensioncited by 427
  4. 2017Residual Attention Network for Image Classificationcited by 385
  5. 2019Attention Augmented Convolutional Networkscited by 363
  6. 2019SOLO: Segmenting Objects by Locationscited by 289
  7. 2019Cross-Modal Self-Attention Network for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 263
  8. 2016Segmentation from Natural Language Expressionscited by 257
  9. 2016Modeling Context Between Objects for Referring Expression Understandingcited by 250
  10. 2020Multi-task Collaborative Network for Joint Referring Expression Comprehension and Segmentationcited by 204
  11. 2018Learning to Assemble Neural Module Tree Networks for Visual Groundingcited by 139
  12. 2020Referring Image Segmentation via Cross-Modal Progressive Comprehensioncited by 131
  13. 2017Recurrent Multimodal Interaction for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 125
  14. 2016Modeling Relationships in Referential Expressions with Compositional Modular Networkscited by 106
  15. 2020Linguistic Structure Guided Context Modeling for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 102
  16. 2018Dynamic Multimodal Instance Segmentation guided by natural language queriescited by 83
  17. 2019Referring Expression Object Segmentation with Caption-Aware Consistencycited by 46

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 11; 2023: 37; 2024: 23; 2025: 15; 2026: 6.

98 papers.

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  1. 2021CRIS: CLIP-Driven Referring Image Segmentationcited by 353
  2. 2021LAVT: Language-Aware Vision Transformer for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 347
  3. 2023Unleashing Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Visual Perceptioncited by 266
  4. 2023GRES: Generalized Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 252
  5. 2023MeViS: A Large-scale Benchmark for Video Segmentation with Motion Expressionscited by 225
  6. 2023Universal Instance Perception as Object Discovery and Retrievalcited by 190
  7. 2023GSVA: Generalized Segmentation via Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 153
  8. 2023PolyFormer: Referring Image Segmentation as Sequential Polygon Generationcited by 147
  9. 2021Referring Transformer: A One-step Approach to Multi-task Visual Groundingcited by 143
  10. 2022SeqTR: A Simple yet Universal Network for Visual Groundingcited by 138
  11. 2022ReSTR: Convolution-free Referring Image Segmentation Using Transformerscited by 112
  12. 2022VLT: Vision-Language Transformer and Query Generation for Referring Segmentationcited by 110
38 more
  1. 2023Rotated Multi-Scale Interaction Network for Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentationcited by 76
  2. 2023Beyond One-to-One: Rethinking the Referring Image Segmentationcited by 68
  3. 2024SAM4MLLM: Enhance Multi-Modal Large Language Model for Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 68
  4. 2023Zero-shot Referring Image Segmentation with Global-Local Context Featurescited by 61
  5. 2023RRSIS: Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentationcited by 59
  6. 2024LaSagnA: Language-based Segmentation Assistant for Complex Queriescited by 55
  7. 2023Contrastive Grouping with Transformer for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 54
  8. 2023Hierarchical Open-vocabulary Universal Image Segmentationcited by 53
  9. 2023Jack of All Tasks, Master of Many: Designing General-purpose Coarse-to-Fine Vision-Language Modelcited by 52
  10. 2022Language-Bridged Spatial-Temporal Interaction for Referring Video Object Segmentationcited by 50
  11. 2022Towards Robust Referring Image Segmentationcited by 49
  12. 2024ClipSAM: CLIP and SAM Collaboration for Zero-Shot Anomaly Segmentationcited by 49
  13. 2024ReMamber: Referring Image Segmentation with Mamba Twistercited by 38
  14. 2023Multi-Modal Mutual Attention and Iterative Interaction for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 36
  15. 2023Language Adaptive Weight Generation for Multi-task Visual Groundingcited by 35
  16. 2023Referring Image Segmentation Using Text Supervisioncited by 35
  17. 2025MeViS: A Multi-Modal Dataset for Referring Motion Expression Video Segmentationcited by 34
  18. 2023Universal Segmentation at Arbitrary Granularity with Language Instructioncited by 29
  19. 2022CoupAlign: Coupling Word-Pixel with Sentence-Mask Alignments for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 28
  20. 2023Temporal Collection and Distribution for Referring Video Object Segmentationcited by 27
  21. 2025IteRPrimE: Zero-shot Referring Image Segmentation with Iterative Grad-CAM Refinement and Primary Word Emphasiscited by 26
  22. 2023RefSAM: Efficiently Adapting Segmenting Anything Model for Referring Video Object Segmentationcited by 24
  23. 2024Exploring Fine-Grained Image-Text Alignment for Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentationcited by 24
  24. 2023UniRef++: Segment Every Reference Object in Spatial and Temporal Spacescited by 22
  25. 2025Multimodal Referring Segmentation: A Surveycited by 22
  26. 2023Unveiling Parts Beyond Objects:Towards Finer-Granularity Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 21
  27. 2024An Efficient and Effective Transformer Decoder-Based Framework for Multi-Task Visual Groundingcited by 21
  28. 2024Cross-aware Early Fusion with Stage-divided Vision and Language Transformer Encoders for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 21
  29. 2022Phrase-Based Affordance Detection via Cyclic Bilateral Interactioncited by 19
  30. 2023Language-Guided 3D Object Detection in Point Cloud for Autonomous Drivingcited by 19
  31. 2023Referring Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 19
  32. 2023Extending CLIP's Image-Text Alignment to Referring Image Segmentationcited by 19
  33. 2022Modeling Motion with Multi-Modal Features for Text-Based Video Segmentationcited by 18
  34. 2023Meta Compositional Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 18
  35. 20243D-GRES: Generalized 3D Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 18
  36. 2021Towards Language-guided Visual Recognition via Dynamic Convolutionscited by 17
  37. 2023Semantics-Aware Dynamic Localization and Refinement for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 16
  38. 2023CM-MaskSD: Cross-Modality Masked Self-Distillation for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 15

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