LaneAF: Robust Multi-Lane Detection with Affinity Fields
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Abstract (arXiv)
This study presents an approach to lane detection involving the prediction of binary segmentation masks and per-pixel affinity fields. These affinity fields, along with the binary masks, can then be used to cluster lane pixels horizontally and vertically into corresponding lane instances in a post-processing step. This clustering is achieved through a simple row-by-row decoding process with little overhead; such an approach allows LaneAF to detect a variable number of lanes without assuming a fixed or maximum number of lanes. Moreover, this form of clustering is more interpretable in comparison to previous visual clustering approaches, and can be analyzed to identify and correct sources of error. Qualitative and quantitative results obtained on popular lane detection datasets demonstrate the model's ability to detect and cluster lanes effectively and robustly. Our proposed approach sets a new state-of-the-art on the challenging CULane dataset and the recently introduced Unsupervised LLAMAS dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Mar 2021.
Builds on
30 of 43 references.
References · 30
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2016Densely Connected Convolutional Networkscited by 6,691
- 2017Deformable Convolutional Networkscited by 1,481
- 2016Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 1,061
- 2017Deep Layer Aggregationcited by 436
- 2016ENet: A Deep Neural Network Architecture for Real-Time Semantic Segmentationcited by 291
- 2017Spatial As Deep: Spatial CNN for Traffic Scene Understandingcited by 187
- 2019Learning Lightweight Lane Detection CNNs by Self Attention Distillationcited by 162
- 2020Keep your Eyes on the Lane: Real-time Attention-guided Lane Detectioncited by 137
- 2018Towards End-to-End Lane Detection: an Instance Segmentation Approachcited by 129
- 20183D-LaneNet: End-to-End 3D Multiple Lane Detectioncited by 106
- 2020PolyLaneNet: Lane Estimation via Deep Polynomial Regressioncited by 95
18 more
- 2020CurveLane-NAS: Unifying Lane-Sensitive Architecture Search and Adaptive Point Blendingcited by 80
- 2016Deep Watershed Transform for Instance Segmentationcited by 77
- 2020Key Points Estimation and Point Instance Segmentation Approach for Lane Detectioncited by 77
- 2020RESA: Recurrent Feature-Shift Aggregator for Lane Detectioncited by 77
- 2020Inter-Region Affinity Distillation for Road Marking Segmentationcited by 58
- 2017VPGNet: Vanishing Point Guided Network for Lane and Road Marking Detection and Recognitioncited by 56
- 2020End-to-End Lane Marker Detection via Row-wise Classificationcited by 47
- 2018How would surround vehicles move? A Unified Framework for Maneuver Classification and Motion Predictioncited by 46
- 2019Robust Lane Detection from Continuous Driving Scenes Using Deep Neural Networkscited by 41
- 2019End-to-end Lane Detection through Differentiable Least-Squares Fittingcited by 36
- 2018EL-GAN: Embedding Loss Driven Generative Adversarial Networks for Lane Detectioncited by 35
- 2019FastDraw: Addressing the Long Tail of Lane Detection by Adapting a Sequential Prediction Networkcited by 34
- 2019Deep Multi-Sensor Lane Detectioncited by 30
- 2020Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Driving with a Lane Heading Auxiliary Losscited by 30
- 2019Lane Detection and Classification using Cascaded CNNscited by 14
- 2020Lane Detection in Low-light Conditions Using an Efficient Data Enhancement : Light Conditions Style Transfercited by 14
- 2016Pixel-level Encoding and Depth Layering for Instance-level Semantic Labelingcited by 10
- 2018Looking at Hands in Autonomous Vehicles: A ConvNet Approach using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 7
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 12; 2023: 12; 2024: 9; 2025: 5; 2026: 3.
41 papers.
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- 2022PersFormer: 3D Lane Detection via Perspective Transformer and the OpenLane Benchmarkcited by 140
- 2022CLRNet: Cross Layer Refinement Network for Lane Detectioncited by 82
- 2022ONCE-3DLanes: Building Monocular 3D Lane Detectioncited by 44
- 2022Ultra Fast Deep Lane Detection with Hybrid Anchor Driven Ordinal Classificationcited by 39
- 2024Towards Explainable, Safe Autonomous Driving with Language Embeddings for Novelty Identification and Active Learning: Framework and Experimental Analysis with Real-World Data Setscited by 25
- 2022Sim-to-Real Domain Adaptation for Lane Detection and Classification in Autonomous Drivingcited by 20
- 2022RCLane: Relay Chain Prediction for Lane Detectioncited by 20
- 2024The Why, When, and How to Use Active Learning in Large-Data-Driven 3D Object Detection for Safe Autonomous Driving: An Empirical Explorationcited by 17
- 2023ADNet: Lane Shape Prediction via Anchor Decompositioncited by 14
- 2023BSNet: Lane Detection via Draw B-spline Curves Nearbycited by 12
- 2023GroupLane: End-to-End 3D Lane Detection with Channel-wise Groupingcited by 11
- 2022WS-3D-Lane: Weakly Supervised 3D Lane Detection With 2D Lane Labelscited by 9
29 more
- 2023Recurrent Generic Contour-based Instance Segmentation with Progressive Learningcited by 9
- 2022Lane Detection with Versatile AtrousFormer and Local Semantic Guidancecited by 7
- 2022PriorLane: A Prior Knowledge Enhanced Lane Detection Approach Based on Transformercited by 6
- 2022Row-wise LiDAR Lane Detection Network with Lane Correlation Refinementcited by 4
- 2023Dense Hybrid Proposal Modulation for Lane Detectioncited by 4
- 2023HoughLaneNet: Lane Detection with Deep Hough Transform and Dynamic Convolutioncited by 4
- 2023Decoupling the Curve Modeling and Pavement Regression for Lane Detectioncited by 4
- 2024Monocular Lane Detection Based on Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 4
- 2023Learned Two-Plane Perspective Prior based Image Resampling for Efficient Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2023CANet: Curved Guide Line Network with Adaptive Decoder for Lane Detectioncited by 3
- 2024Sketch and Refine: Towards Fast and Accurate Lane Detectioncited by 3
- 2024LDTR: Transformer-based Lane Detection with Anchor-chain Representationcited by 3
- 2024Sparse Laneformercited by 2
- 2025Towards Vision Zero: The TUM Traffic Accid3nD Datasetcited by 2
- 2023An intelligent modular real-time vision-based system for environment perceptioncited by 1
- 2024ENet-21: An Optimized light CNN Structure for Lane Detectioncited by 1
- 2024Polar R-CNN: End-to-End Lane Detection with Fewer Anchorscited by 1
- 2025Enhancing Highway Safety: Accident Detection on the A9 Test Stretch Using Roadside Sensorscited by 1
- 2025DB3D-L: Depth-aware BEV Feature Transformation for Accurate 3D Lane Detectioncited by 1
- 2025Safety-Critical Learning for Long-Tail Events: The TUM Traffic Accident Datasetcited by 1
- 2022Lane detection with Position Embeddingcited by 0
- 2022Multi Lane Detectioncited by 0
- 2023Elastic Interaction Energy-Informed Real-Time Traffic Scene Perceptioncited by 0
- 2023ElasticLaneNet: An Efficient Geometry-Flexible Approach for Lane Detectioncited by 0
- 2024Lane Detection System for Driver Assistance in Vehiclescited by 0
- 2025Robust Lane Detection with Wavelet-Enhanced Context Modeling and Adaptive Samplingcited by 0
- 2026TF-Lane: Traffic Flow Module for Robust Lane Perceptioncited by 0
- 2026HG-Lane: High-Fidelity Generation of Lane Scenes under Adverse Weather and Lighting Conditions without Re-annotationcited by 0
- 2026Structure-Enhanced Features and Quality-Aware Dynamic Anchor Scoring for Robust Lane Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Structure-Enhanced Features and Quality-Aware Dynamic Anchor Scoring for Robust Lane Detection10 Aug 2026
- 2026HG-Lane: High-Fidelity Generation of Lane Scenes under Adverse Weather and Lighting Conditions without Re-annotation10 Mar 2026
- 2026TF-Lane: Traffic Flow Module for Robust Lane Perception1 Feb 2026
- 2025Safety-Critical Learning for Long-Tail Events: The TUM Traffic Accident Dataset20 Aug 2025
- 2025DB3D-L: Depth-aware BEV Feature Transformation for Accurate 3D Lane Detection19 May 2025
- 2025Robust Lane Detection with Wavelet-Enhanced Context Modeling and Adaptive Sampling24 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards Vision Zero: The TUM Traffic Accid3nD Dataset15 Mar 2025
- 2025Enhancing Highway Safety: Accident Detection on the A9 Test Stretch Using Roadside Sensors1 Feb 2025
- 2024Monocular Lane Detection Based on Deep Learning: A Survey25 Nov 2024
- 2024Polar R-CNN: End-to-End Lane Detection with Fewer Anchors3 Nov 2024
- 2024Lane Detection System for Driver Assistance in Vehicles5 Oct 2024
- 2024Sparse Laneformer11 Apr 2024
29 more
- 2024ENet-21: An Optimized light CNN Structure for Lane Detection28 Mar 2024
- 2024LDTR: Transformer-based Lane Detection with Anchor-chain Representation21 Mar 2024
- 2024Towards Explainable, Safe Autonomous Driving with Language Embeddings for Novelty Identification and Active Learning: Framework and Experimental Analysis with Real-World Data Sets11 Feb 2024
- 2024The Why, When, and How to Use Active Learning in Large-Data-Driven 3D Object Detection for Safe Autonomous Driving: An Empirical Exploration30 Jan 2024
- 2024Sketch and Refine: Towards Fast and Accurate Lane Detection26 Jan 2024
- 2023ElasticLaneNet: An Efficient Geometry-Flexible Approach for Lane Detection16 Dec 2023
- 2023Elastic Interaction Energy-Informed Real-Time Traffic Scene Perception2 Oct 2023
- 2023Decoupling the Curve Modeling and Pavement Regression for Lane Detection19 Sep 2023
- 2023ADNet: Lane Shape Prediction via Anchor Decomposition21 Aug 2023
- 2023GroupLane: End-to-End 3D Lane Detection with Channel-wise Grouping18 Jul 2023
- 2023HoughLaneNet: Lane Detection with Deep Hough Transform and Dynamic Convolution7 Jul 2023
- 2023Dense Hybrid Proposal Modulation for Lane Detection28 Apr 2023
- 2023CANet: Curved Guide Line Network with Adaptive Decoder for Lane Detection23 Apr 2023
- 2023An intelligent modular real-time vision-based system for environment perception29 Mar 2023
- 2023Learned Two-Plane Perspective Prior based Image Resampling for Efficient Object Detection25 Mar 2023
- 2023Recurrent Generic Contour-based Instance Segmentation with Progressive Learning21 Jan 2023
- 2023BSNet: Lane Detection via Draw B-spline Curves Nearby17 Jan 2023
- 2022Multi Lane Detection22 Dec 2022
- 2022Row-wise LiDAR Lane Detection Network with Lane Correlation Refinement17 Oct 2022
- 2022WS-3D-Lane: Weakly Supervised 3D Lane Detection With 2D Lane Labels23 Sep 2022
- 2022PriorLane: A Prior Knowledge Enhanced Lane Detection Approach Based on Transformer15 Sep 2022
- 2022RCLane: Relay Chain Prediction for Lane Detection19 Jul 2022
- 2022Ultra Fast Deep Lane Detection with Hybrid Anchor Driven Ordinal Classification15 Jun 2022
- 2022ONCE-3DLanes: Building Monocular 3D Lane Detection30 Apr 2022
- 2022Lane detection with Position Embedding23 Mar 2022
- 2022PersFormer: 3D Lane Detection via Perspective Transformer and the OpenLane Benchmark21 Mar 2022
- 2022CLRNet: Cross Layer Refinement Network for Lane Detection19 Mar 2022
- 2022Lane Detection with Versatile AtrousFormer and Local Semantic Guidance8 Mar 2022
- 2022Sim-to-Real Domain Adaptation for Lane Detection and Classification in Autonomous Driving15 Feb 2022
- 2022PersFormer: 3D Lane Detection via Perspective Transformer and the OpenLane Benchmarkcited by 140
- 2022CLRNet: Cross Layer Refinement Network for Lane Detectioncited by 82
- 2022ONCE-3DLanes: Building Monocular 3D Lane Detectioncited by 44
- 2022Ultra Fast Deep Lane Detection with Hybrid Anchor Driven Ordinal Classificationcited by 39
- 2024Towards Explainable, Safe Autonomous Driving with Language Embeddings for Novelty Identification and Active Learning: Framework and Experimental Analysis with Real-World Data Setscited by 25
- 2022Sim-to-Real Domain Adaptation for Lane Detection and Classification in Autonomous Drivingcited by 20
- 2022RCLane: Relay Chain Prediction for Lane Detectioncited by 20
- 2024The Why, When, and How to Use Active Learning in Large-Data-Driven 3D Object Detection for Safe Autonomous Driving: An Empirical Explorationcited by 17
- 2023ADNet: Lane Shape Prediction via Anchor Decompositioncited by 14
- 2023BSNet: Lane Detection via Draw B-spline Curves Nearbycited by 12
- 2023GroupLane: End-to-End 3D Lane Detection with Channel-wise Groupingcited by 11
- 2022WS-3D-Lane: Weakly Supervised 3D Lane Detection With 2D Lane Labelscited by 9
12 most cited of 41 All 41 (JSON)
- 2026Structure-Enhanced Features and Quality-Aware Dynamic Anchor Scoring for Robust Lane Detection10 Aug 2026
- 2026HG-Lane: High-Fidelity Generation of Lane Scenes under Adverse Weather and Lighting Conditions without Re-annotation10 Mar 2026
- 2026TF-Lane: Traffic Flow Module for Robust Lane Perception1 Feb 2026
- 2025Safety-Critical Learning for Long-Tail Events: The TUM Traffic Accident Dataset20 Aug 2025
- 2025DB3D-L: Depth-aware BEV Feature Transformation for Accurate 3D Lane Detection19 May 2025
- 2025Robust Lane Detection with Wavelet-Enhanced Context Modeling and Adaptive Sampling24 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards Vision Zero: The TUM Traffic Accid3nD Dataset15 Mar 2025
- 2025Enhancing Highway Safety: Accident Detection on the A9 Test Stretch Using Roadside Sensors1 Feb 2025
- 2024Monocular Lane Detection Based on Deep Learning: A Survey25 Nov 2024
- 2024Polar R-CNN: End-to-End Lane Detection with Fewer Anchors3 Nov 2024
- 2024Lane Detection System for Driver Assistance in Vehicles5 Oct 2024
- 2024Sparse Laneformer11 Apr 2024
12 newest of 41 All 41 (JSON)