Camera Relocalization by Computing Pairwise Relative Poses Using Convolutional Neural Network
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a new deep learning based approach for camera relocalization. Our approach localizes a given query image by using a convolutional neural network (CNN) for first retrieving similar database images and then predicting the relative pose between the query and the database images, whose poses are known. The camera location for the query image is obtained via triangulation from two relative translation estimates using a RANSAC based approach. Each relative pose estimate provides a hypothesis for the camera orientation and they are fused in a second RANSAC scheme. The neural network is trained for relative pose estimation in an end-to-end manner using training image pairs. In contrast to previous work, our approach does not require scene-specific training of the network, which improves scalability, and it can also be applied to scenes which are not available during the training of the network. As another main contribution, we release a challenging indoor localisation dataset covering 5 different scenes registered to a common coordinate frame. We evaluate our approach using both our own dataset and the standard 7 Scenes benchmark. The results show that the proposed approach generalizes well to previously unseen scenes and compares favourably to other recent CNN-based methods.
Key facts. Cited by 79 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 31 Jul 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 19; 2022: 18; 2023: 16; 2024: 15; 2025: 7; 2026: 4.
79 papers.
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- 2021Back to the Feature: Learning Robust Camera Localization from Pixels to Posecited by 199
- 2021GNeRF: GAN-based Neural Radiance Field without Posed Cameracited by 153
- 2021Learning Multi-Scene Absolute Pose Regression with Transformerscited by 108
- 2024Reloc3r: Large-Scale Training of Relative Camera Pose Regression for Generalizable, Fast, and Accurate Visual Localizationcited by 81
- 2024Scene Coordinate Reconstruction: Posing of Image Collections via Incremental Learning of a Relocalizercited by 73
- 2022ViewFormer: NeRF-free Neural Rendering from Few Images Using Transformerscited by 70
- 2023Independent Component Alignment for Multi-Task Learningcited by 69
- 2022MeshLoc: Mesh-Based Visual Localizationcited by 62
- 2022Is Geometry Enough for Matching in Visual Localization?cited by 48
- 2021Extreme Rotation Estimation using Dense Correlation Volumescited by 42
- 2022The 8-Point Algorithm as an Inductive Bias for Relative Pose Prediction by ViTscited by 38
- 2021Visual Camera Re-Localization Using Graph Neural Networks and Relative Pose Supervisioncited by 37
38 more
- 2023Unifying Correspondence, Pose and NeRF for Pose-Free Novel View Synthesis from Stereo Pairscited by 37
- 2021Learning Camera Localization via Dense Scene Matchingcited by 28
- 2021Large-scale Localization Datasets in Crowded Indoor Spacescited by 28
- 2021The Surprising Effectiveness of Visual Odometry Techniques for Embodied PointGoal Navigationcited by 27
- 2022Investigating the Role of Image Retrieval for Visual Localization -- An exhaustive benchmarkcited by 27
- 2023HSCNet++: Hierarchical Scene Coordinate Classification and Regression for Visual Localization with Transformercited by 26
- 2023Visual Localization using Imperfect 3D Models from the Internetcited by 20
- 2021Semantic Reinforced Attention Learning for Visual Place Recognitioncited by 19
- 2021Continual Learning for Image-Based Camera Localizationcited by 18
- 2024Rethinking Efficient and Effective Point-based Networks for Event Camera Classification and Regression: EventMambacited by 18
- 2025SAIL-Recon: Large SfM by Augmenting Scene Regression with Localizationcited by 18
- 2024A Simple and Effective Point-based Network for Event Camera 6-DOFs Pose Relocalizationcited by 17
- 2021Wide-Baseline Multi-Camera Calibration using Person Re-Identificationcited by 15
- 2024On the Estimation of Image-matching Uncertainty in Visual Place Recognitioncited by 15
- 2023iSLAM: Imperative SLAMcited by 14
- 2023Deep Learning for Visual Localization and Mapping: A Surveycited by 14
- 2024Towards Foundation Models for 3D Vision: How Close Are We?cited by 13
- 2021Calibrated and Partially Calibrated Semi-Generalized Homographiescited by 12
- 2021Graph-based Thermal-Inertial SLAM with Probabilistic Neural Networkscited by 12
- 2022Danish Airs and Grounds: A Dataset for Aerial-to-Street-Level Place Recognition and Localizationcited by 12
- 2023Coarse-to-Fine Multi-Scene Pose Regression with Transformerscited by 11
- 2021Paying Attention to Activation Maps in Camera Pose Regressioncited by 10
- 2021DistillPose: Lightweight Camera Localization Using Auxiliary Learningcited by 10
- 2023Lazy Visual Localization via Motion Averagingcited by 8
- 2025Scene-agnostic Pose Regression for Visual Localizationcited by 8
- 2022A Critical Analysis of Image-based Camera Pose Estimation Techniquescited by 7
- 2022Leveraging Image Matching Toward End-to-End Relative Camera Pose Regressioncited by 6
- 2024Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation from Multi-View Uncalibrated Depth Camerascited by 6
- 2021RadarLoc: Learning to Relocalize in FMCW Radarcited by 5
- 2022Visual Odometry with Neuromorphic Resonator Networkscited by 5
- 2024SRPose: Two-view Relative Pose Estimation with Sparse Keypointscited by 5
- 2025Reloc-VGGT: Visual Re-localization with Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 5
- 2026Video Understanding: From Geometry and Semantics to Unified Modelscited by 5
- 2021Learning Neural Representation of Camera Pose with Matrix Representation of Pose Shift via View Synthesiscited by 4
- 2022Benchmarking Visual Localization for Autonomous Navigationcited by 4
- 2024Improved Scene Landmark Detection for Camera Localizationcited by 4
- 2024LiteVLoc: Map-Lite Visual Localization for Image Goal Navigationcited by 4
- 2025A Scene is Worth a Thousand Features: Feed-Forward Camera Localization from a Collection of Image Featurescited by 4
50 most cited of 79 All 79 (JSON)
- 2026Accuracy potential of visual localization exploiting high-end street-level imagery27 Jul 2026
- 2026Privacy-Preserving Structureless Visual Localization via Image Obfuscation13 Apr 2026
- 2026InCaRPose: In-Cabin Relative Camera Pose Estimation Model and Dataset4 Apr 2026
- 2026Video Understanding: From Geometry and Semantics to Unified Models18 Mar 2026
- 2025Reloc-VGGT: Visual Re-localization with Geometry Grounded Transformer26 Dec 2025
- 2025LiFMCR: Dataset and Benchmark for Light Field Multi-Camera Registration15 Oct 2025
- 2025A Scene is Worth a Thousand Features: Feed-Forward Camera Localization from a Collection of Image Features1 Oct 2025
- 2025SAIL-Recon: Large SfM by Augmenting Scene Regression with Localization25 Aug 2025
- 2025Relative Pose Regression with Pose Auto-Encoders: Enhancing Accuracy and Data Efficiency for Retail Applications12 Aug 2025
- 20253DGS_LSR:Large_Scale Relocation for Autonomous Driving Based on 3D Gaussian Splatting8 Jul 2025
- 2025Scene-agnostic Pose Regression for Visual Localization25 Mar 2025
- 2024Reloc3r: Large-Scale Training of Relative Camera Pose Regression for Generalizable, Fast, and Accurate Visual Localization11 Dec 2024
38 more
- 2024Towards Foundation Models for 3D Vision: How Close Are We?14 Oct 2024
- 2024NaVIP: An Image-Centric Indoor Navigation Solution for Visually Impaired People8 Oct 2024
- 2024LiteVLoc: Map-Lite Visual Localization for Image Goal Navigation6 Oct 2024
- 2024FaVoR: Features via Voxel Rendering for Camera Relocalization11 Sep 2024
- 2024Map-Free Visual Relocalization Enhanced by Instance Knowledge and Depth Knowledge23 Aug 2024
- 2024SRPose: Two-view Relative Pose Estimation with Sparse Keypoints11 Jul 2024
- 2024SALVe: Semantic Alignment Verification for Floorplan Reconstruction from Sparse Panoramas27 Jun 2024
- 2024Rethinking Efficient and Effective Point-based Networks for Event Camera Classification and Regression: EventMamba9 May 2024
- 2024Scene Coordinate Reconstruction: Posing of Image Collections via Incremental Learning of a Relocalizer22 Apr 2024
- 2024RESfM: Robust Deep Equivariant Structure from Motion22 Apr 2024
- 2024On the Estimation of Image-matching Uncertainty in Visual Place Recognition31 Mar 2024
- 2024A Simple and Effective Point-based Network for Event Camera 6-DOFs Pose Relocalization28 Mar 2024
- 2024Improved Scene Landmark Detection for Camera Localization31 Jan 2024
- 2024Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation from Multi-View Uncalibrated Depth Cameras28 Jan 2024
- 2023Unifying Correspondence, Pose and NeRF for Pose-Free Novel View Synthesis from Stereo Pairs12 Dec 2023
- 2023Improving Efficiency of DNN-based Relocalization Module for Autonomous Driving with Server-side Computing1 Dec 2023
- 2023Deep Learning for Visual Localization and Mapping: A Survey27 Aug 2023
- 2023Enhancing Landmark Detection in Cluttered Real-World Scenarios with Vision Transformers25 Aug 2023
- 2023Coarse-to-Fine Multi-Scene Pose Regression with Transformers22 Aug 2023
- 2023KS-APR: Keyframe Selection for Robust Absolute Pose Regression10 Aug 2023
- 2023Lazy Visual Localization via Motion Averaging19 Jul 2023
- 2023UnLoc: A Universal Localization Method for Autonomous Vehicles using LiDAR, Radar and/or Camera Input3 Jul 2023
- 2023iSLAM: Imperative SLAM13 Jun 2023
- 2023Independent Component Alignment for Multi-Task Learning30 May 2023
- 2023HSCNet++: Hierarchical Scene Coordinate Classification and Regression for Visual Localization with Transformer5 May 2023
- 2023CoPR: Towards Accurate Visual Localization With Continuous Place-descriptor Regression14 Apr 2023
- 20233DoF Localization from a Single Image and an Object Map: the Flatlandia Problem and Dataset13 Apr 2023
- 2023Visual Localization using Imperfect 3D Models from the Internet12 Apr 2023
- 2023FusionLoc: Camera-2D LiDAR Fusion Using Multi-Head Self-Attention for End-to-End Serving Robot Relocalization13 Mar 2023
- 2023Learning to Localize in Unseen Scenes with Relative Pose Regressors5 Mar 2023
- 2022Self-Supervised Feature Learning for Long-Term Metric Visual Localization30 Nov 2022
- 2022Leveraging Image Matching Toward End-to-End Relative Camera Pose Regression27 Nov 2022
- 2022A Lightweight Domain Adaptive Absolute Pose Regressor Using Barlow Twins Objective20 Nov 2022
- 2022Visual Odometry with Neuromorphic Resonator Networks5 Sep 2022
- 2022The 8-Point Algorithm as an Inductive Bias for Relative Pose Prediction by ViTs18 Aug 2022
- 2022Pixel-Wise Prediction based Visual Odometry via Uncertainty Estimation18 Aug 2022
- 2022Benchmarking Visual-Inertial Deep Multimodal Fusion for Relative Pose Regression and Odometry-aided Absolute Pose Regression1 Aug 2022
- 2022MeshLoc: Mesh-Based Visual Localization21 Jul 2022
50 newest of 79 All 79 (JSON)
- 2021Back to the Feature: Learning Robust Camera Localization from Pixels to Posecited by 199
- 2021GNeRF: GAN-based Neural Radiance Field without Posed Cameracited by 153
- 2021Learning Multi-Scene Absolute Pose Regression with Transformerscited by 108
- 2024Reloc3r: Large-Scale Training of Relative Camera Pose Regression for Generalizable, Fast, and Accurate Visual Localizationcited by 81
- 2024Scene Coordinate Reconstruction: Posing of Image Collections via Incremental Learning of a Relocalizercited by 73
- 2022ViewFormer: NeRF-free Neural Rendering from Few Images Using Transformerscited by 70
- 2023Independent Component Alignment for Multi-Task Learningcited by 69
- 2022MeshLoc: Mesh-Based Visual Localizationcited by 62
- 2022Is Geometry Enough for Matching in Visual Localization?cited by 48
- 2021Extreme Rotation Estimation using Dense Correlation Volumescited by 42
- 2022The 8-Point Algorithm as an Inductive Bias for Relative Pose Prediction by ViTscited by 38
- 2021Visual Camera Re-Localization Using Graph Neural Networks and Relative Pose Supervisioncited by 37
12 most cited of 79 All 79 (JSON)
- 2026Accuracy potential of visual localization exploiting high-end street-level imagery27 Jul 2026
- 2026Privacy-Preserving Structureless Visual Localization via Image Obfuscation13 Apr 2026
- 2026InCaRPose: In-Cabin Relative Camera Pose Estimation Model and Dataset4 Apr 2026
- 2026Video Understanding: From Geometry and Semantics to Unified Models18 Mar 2026
- 2025Reloc-VGGT: Visual Re-localization with Geometry Grounded Transformer26 Dec 2025
- 2025LiFMCR: Dataset and Benchmark for Light Field Multi-Camera Registration15 Oct 2025
- 2025A Scene is Worth a Thousand Features: Feed-Forward Camera Localization from a Collection of Image Features1 Oct 2025
- 2025SAIL-Recon: Large SfM by Augmenting Scene Regression with Localization25 Aug 2025
- 2025Relative Pose Regression with Pose Auto-Encoders: Enhancing Accuracy and Data Efficiency for Retail Applications12 Aug 2025
- 20253DGS_LSR:Large_Scale Relocation for Autonomous Driving Based on 3D Gaussian Splatting8 Jul 2025
- 2025Scene-agnostic Pose Regression for Visual Localization25 Mar 2025
- 2024Reloc3r: Large-Scale Training of Relative Camera Pose Regression for Generalizable, Fast, and Accurate Visual Localization11 Dec 2024
12 newest of 79 All 79 (JSON)