Cross-modal Adversarial Reprogramming
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Abstract (arXiv)
With the abundance of large-scale deep learning models, it has become possible to repurpose pre-trained networks for new tasks. Recent works on adversarial reprogramming have shown that it is possible to repurpose neural networks for alternate tasks without modifying the network architecture or parameters. However these works only consider original and target tasks within the same data domain. In this work, we broaden the scope of adversarial reprogramming beyond the data modality of the original task. We analyze the feasibility of adversarially repurposing image classification neural networks for Natural Language Processing (NLP) and other sequence classification tasks. We design an efficient adversarial program that maps a sequence of discrete tokens into an image which can be classified to the desired class by an image classification model. We demonstrate that by using highly efficient adversarial programs, we can reprogram image classifiers to achieve competitive performance on a variety of text and sequence classification benchmarks without retraining the network.
Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Feb 2021.
Builds on
18 of 36 references.
References · 18
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2014Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examplescited by 7,287
- 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,415
- 2015Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Visioncited by 5,451
- 2015Character-level Convolutional Networks for Text Classificationcited by 2,293
- 2014Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classificationcited by 1,124
- 2015The Limitations of Deep Learning in Adversarial Settingscited by 784
- 2016Universal adversarial perturbationscited by 774
- 2017Deep Neural Networks as Gaussian Processescited by 617
- 2018Gaussian Process Behaviour in Wide Deep Neural Networkscited by 314
6 more
- 2020Physically Realizable Adversarial Examples for LiDAR Object Detectioncited by 137
- 2018Adversarial Reprogramming of Neural Networkscited by 115
- 2020Transfer Learning without Knowing: Reprogramming Black-box Machine Learning Models with Scarce Data and Limited Resourcescited by 83
- 2020Adversarial Deepfakes: Evaluating Vulnerability of Deepfake Detectors to Adversarial Examplescited by 66
- 2019Universal Adversarial Perturbations for Speech Recognition Systemscited by 41
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 7; 2023: 10; 2024: 8; 2025: 7; 2026: 2.
34 papers.
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- 2022Understanding and Improving Visual Prompting: A Label-Mapping Perspectivecited by 86
- 2023BlackVIP: Black-Box Visual Prompting for Robust Transfer Learningcited by 70
- 2022Model Reprogramming: Resource-Efficient Cross-Domain Machine Learningcited by 64
- 2022Fairness Reprogrammingcited by 33
- 2022Visual Prompting for Adversarial Robustnesscited by 33
- 2023Instruct Me More! Random Prompting for Visual In-Context Learningcited by 30
- 2022Reprogramming Pretrained Language Models for Antibody Sequence Infillingcited by 20
- 2025REFINE: Inversion-Free Backdoor Defense via Model Reprogrammingcited by 20
- 2023Exploring the Benefits of Visual Prompting in Differential Privacycited by 17
- 2024Sample-specific Masks for Visual Reprogramming-based Promptingcited by 16
- 2023Prompt Tuning of Deep Neural Networks for Speaker-adaptive Visual Speech Recognitioncited by 13
- 2023Efficient Federated Prompt Tuning for Black-box Large Pre-trained Modelscited by 12
22 more
- 2024Bayesian-guided Label Mapping for Visual Reprogrammingcited by 12
- 2023Selectivity Drives Productivity: Efficient Dataset Pruning for Enhanced Transfer Learningcited by 11
- 2022Adversarial Reprogramming Revisitedcited by 10
- 2023Lip2Vec: Efficient and Robust Visual Speech Recognition via Latent-to-Latent Visual to Audio Representation Mappingcited by 10
- 2025Time2Lang: Bridging Time-Series Foundation Models and Large Language Models for Health Sensing Beyond Promptingcited by 7
- 2023Towards Efficient Task-Driven Model Reprogramming with Foundation Modelscited by 5
- 2023Towards Robust and Accurate Visual Promptingcited by 5
- 2024Are You Copying My Prompt? Protecting the Copyright of Vision Prompt for VPaaS via Watermarkcited by 4
- 2023Uncovering the Hidden Cost of Model Compressioncited by 3
- 2024Robust Adaptation of Foundation Models with Black-Box Visual Promptingcited by 3
- 2025Neural Network Reprogrammability: A Unified Theme on Model Reprogramming, Prompt Tuning, and Prompt Instructioncited by 3
- 2025Towards Ambiguity-Free Spatial Foundation Model: Rethinking and Decoupling Depth Ambiguitycited by 2
- 2024Model Reprogramming Outperforms Fine-tuning on Out-of-distribution Data in Text-Image Encoderscited by 1
- 2024Prompting the Unseen: Detecting Hidden Backdoors in Black-Box Modelscited by 1
- 2025E-InMeMo: Enhanced Prompting for Visual In-Context Learningcited by 1
- 2025Invisible Watermarks, Visible Gains: Steering Machine Unlearning with Bi-Level Watermarking Designcited by 1
- 2026Visual prompting reimagined: The power of the Activation Promptscited by 1
- 2022Meta Input: How to Leverage Off-the-Shelf Deep Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2024Generalizing to Out-of-Sample Degradations via Model Reprogrammingcited by 0
- 2024SnatchML: Hijacking ML models without Training Accesscited by 0
- 2025VP-NTK: Exploring the Benefits of Visual Prompting in Differentially Private Data Synthesiscited by 0
- 2026One Scene, Two Depths: Probing Geometric Ambiguity in Monocular Foundation Modelscited by 0
- 2026One Scene, Two Depths: Probing Geometric Ambiguity in Monocular Foundation Models28 Jun 2026
- 2026Visual prompting reimagined: The power of the Activation Prompts7 Apr 2026
- 2025Invisible Watermarks, Visible Gains: Steering Machine Unlearning with Bi-Level Watermarking Design13 Aug 2025
- 2025Neural Network Reprogrammability: A Unified Theme on Model Reprogramming, Prompt Tuning, and Prompt Instruction5 Jun 2025
- 2025E-InMeMo: Enhanced Prompting for Visual In-Context Learning25 Apr 2025
- 2025VP-NTK: Exploring the Benefits of Visual Prompting in Differentially Private Data Synthesis20 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards Ambiguity-Free Spatial Foundation Model: Rethinking and Decoupling Depth Ambiguity8 Mar 2025
- 2025REFINE: Inversion-Free Backdoor Defense via Model Reprogramming22 Feb 2025
- 2025Time2Lang: Bridging Time-Series Foundation Models and Large Language Models for Health Sensing Beyond Prompting11 Feb 2025
- 2024Prompting the Unseen: Detecting Hidden Backdoors in Black-Box Models14 Nov 2024
- 2024Bayesian-guided Label Mapping for Visual Reprogramming31 Oct 2024
- 2024Robust Adaptation of Foundation Models with Black-Box Visual Prompting4 Jul 2024
22 more
- 2024Sample-specific Masks for Visual Reprogramming-based Prompting5 Jun 2024
- 2024SnatchML: Hijacking ML models without Training Access3 Jun 2024
- 2024Are You Copying My Prompt? Protecting the Copyright of Vision Prompt for VPaaS via Watermark24 May 2024
- 2024Model Reprogramming Outperforms Fine-tuning on Out-of-distribution Data in Text-Image Encoders16 Mar 2024
- 2024Generalizing to Out-of-Sample Degradations via Model Reprogramming9 Mar 2024
- 2023Towards Robust and Accurate Visual Prompting18 Nov 2023
- 2023Instruct Me More! Random Prompting for Visual In-Context Learning7 Nov 2023
- 2023Selectivity Drives Productivity: Efficient Dataset Pruning for Enhanced Transfer Learning13 Oct 2023
- 2023Efficient Federated Prompt Tuning for Black-box Large Pre-trained Models4 Oct 2023
- 2023Uncovering the Hidden Cost of Model Compression29 Aug 2023
- 2023Lip2Vec: Efficient and Robust Visual Speech Recognition via Latent-to-Latent Visual to Audio Representation Mapping11 Aug 2023
- 2023Towards Efficient Task-Driven Model Reprogramming with Foundation Models5 Apr 2023
- 2023BlackVIP: Black-Box Visual Prompting for Robust Transfer Learning26 Mar 2023
- 2023Exploring the Benefits of Visual Prompting in Differential Privacy22 Mar 2023
- 2023Prompt Tuning of Deep Neural Networks for Speaker-adaptive Visual Speech Recognition16 Feb 2023
- 2022Understanding and Improving Visual Prompting: A Label-Mapping Perspective21 Nov 2022
- 2022Meta Input: How to Leverage Off-the-Shelf Deep Neural Networks21 Oct 2022
- 2022Visual Prompting for Adversarial Robustness12 Oct 2022
- 2022Reprogramming Pretrained Language Models for Antibody Sequence Infilling5 Oct 2022
- 2022Fairness Reprogramming21 Sep 2022
- 2022Adversarial Reprogramming Revisited7 Jun 2022
- 2022Model Reprogramming: Resource-Efficient Cross-Domain Machine Learning22 Feb 2022
- 2022Understanding and Improving Visual Prompting: A Label-Mapping Perspectivecited by 86
- 2023BlackVIP: Black-Box Visual Prompting for Robust Transfer Learningcited by 70
- 2022Model Reprogramming: Resource-Efficient Cross-Domain Machine Learningcited by 64
- 2022Fairness Reprogrammingcited by 33
- 2022Visual Prompting for Adversarial Robustnesscited by 33
- 2023Instruct Me More! Random Prompting for Visual In-Context Learningcited by 30
- 2022Reprogramming Pretrained Language Models for Antibody Sequence Infillingcited by 20
- 2025REFINE: Inversion-Free Backdoor Defense via Model Reprogrammingcited by 20
- 2023Exploring the Benefits of Visual Prompting in Differential Privacycited by 17
- 2024Sample-specific Masks for Visual Reprogramming-based Promptingcited by 16
- 2023Prompt Tuning of Deep Neural Networks for Speaker-adaptive Visual Speech Recognitioncited by 13
- 2023Efficient Federated Prompt Tuning for Black-box Large Pre-trained Modelscited by 12
12 most cited of 33 All 33 (JSON)
- 2026One Scene, Two Depths: Probing Geometric Ambiguity in Monocular Foundation Models28 Jun 2026
- 2026Visual prompting reimagined: The power of the Activation Prompts7 Apr 2026
- 2025Invisible Watermarks, Visible Gains: Steering Machine Unlearning with Bi-Level Watermarking Design13 Aug 2025
- 2025Neural Network Reprogrammability: A Unified Theme on Model Reprogramming, Prompt Tuning, and Prompt Instruction5 Jun 2025
- 2025E-InMeMo: Enhanced Prompting for Visual In-Context Learning25 Apr 2025
- 2025VP-NTK: Exploring the Benefits of Visual Prompting in Differentially Private Data Synthesis20 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards Ambiguity-Free Spatial Foundation Model: Rethinking and Decoupling Depth Ambiguity8 Mar 2025
- 2025REFINE: Inversion-Free Backdoor Defense via Model Reprogramming22 Feb 2025
- 2025Time2Lang: Bridging Time-Series Foundation Models and Large Language Models for Health Sensing Beyond Prompting11 Feb 2025
- 2024Bayesian-guided Label Mapping for Visual Reprogramming31 Oct 2024
- 2024Robust Adaptation of Foundation Models with Black-Box Visual Prompting4 Jul 2024
- 2024Sample-specific Masks for Visual Reprogramming-based Prompting5 Jun 2024
12 newest of 33 All 33 (JSON)