GraphVite: A High-Performance CPU-GPU Hybrid System for Node Embedding
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Abstract (arXiv)
Learning continuous representations of nodes is attracting growing interest in both academia and industry recently, due to their simplicity and effectiveness in a variety of applications. Most of existing node embedding algorithms and systems are capable of processing networks with hundreds of thousands or a few millions of nodes. However, how to scale them to networks that have tens of millions or even hundreds of millions of nodes remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose GraphVite, a high-performance CPU-GPU hybrid system for training node embeddings, by co-optimizing the algorithm and the system. On the CPU end, augmented edge samples are parallelly generated by random walks in an online fashion on the network, and serve as the training data. On the GPU end, a novel parallel negative sampling is proposed to leverage multiple GPUs to train node embeddings simultaneously, without much data transfer and synchronization. Moreover, an efficient collaboration strategy is proposed to further reduce the synchronization cost between CPUs and GPUs. Experiments on multiple real-world networks show that GraphVite is super efficient. It takes only about one minute for a network with 1 million nodes and 5 million edges on a single machine with 4 GPUs, and takes around 20 hours for a network with 66 million nodes and 1.8 billion edges. Compared to the current fastest system, GraphVite is about 50 times faster without any sacrifice on performance.
Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Mar 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 10; 2023: 7; 2024: 4; 2025: 4; 2026: 3.
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- 2021Neural Bellman-Ford Networks: A General Graph Neural Network Framework for Link Predictioncited by 273
- 2022Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks: Aspects, Methods and Trendscited by 88
- 2022Sequence-to-Sequence Knowledge Graph Completion and Question Answeringcited by 75
- 2021Graph-Based Deep Learning for Medical Diagnosis and Analysis: Past, Present and Futurecited by 67
- 2022A*Net: A Scalable Path-based Reasoning Approach for Knowledge Graphscited by 49
- 2021Marius: Learning Massive Graph Embeddings on a Single Machinecited by 29
- 2021CitationIE: Leveraging the Citation Graph for Scientific Information Extractioncited by 19
- 2021Network Representation Learning: From Preprocessing, Feature Extraction to Node Embeddingcited by 19
- 2021SMORE: Knowledge Graph Completion and Multi-hop Reasoning in Massive Knowledge Graphscited by 17
- 2021Knowledge Graph informed Fake News Classification via Heterogeneous Representation Ensemblescited by 14
- 2023Friendly Neighbors: Contextualized Sequence-to-Sequence Link Predictioncited by 9
- 2021Cleora: A Simple, Strong and Scalable Graph Embedding Schemecited by 8
28 more
- 2021Towards Automatic Bias Detection in Knowledge Graphscited by 6
- 2022A Retrieve-and-Read Framework for Knowledge Graph Link Predictioncited by 6
- 2022FairMILE: Towards an Efficient Framework for Fair Graph Representation Learningcited by 4
- 2025Aligning Knowledge Graphs and Language Models for Factual Accuracycited by 4
- 2024HDReason: Algorithm-Hardware Codesign for Hyperdimensional Knowledge Graph Reasoningcited by 3
- 2024AutoML-guided Fusion of Entity and LLM-based Representations for Document Classificationcited by 3
- 2023TwERC: High Performance Ensembled Candidate Generation for Ads Recommendation at Twittercited by 2
- 2023Distributed Graph Embedding with Information-Oriented Random Walkscited by 2
- 2023GraphextQA: A Benchmark for Evaluating Graph-Enhanced Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2024HeteroMILE: a Multi-Level Graph Representation Learning Framework for Heterogeneous Graphscited by 2
- 2021Graph4Rec: A Universal Toolkit with Graph Neural Networks for Recommender Systemscited by 1
- 2022Bi-Link: Bridging Inductive Link Predictions from Text via Contrastive Learning of Transformers and Promptscited by 1
- 2023NeuralKG-ind: A Python Library for Inductive Knowledge Graph Representation Learningcited by 1
- 2023HUGE: Huge Unsupervised Graph Embeddings with TPUscited by 1
- 2023Large language models converge toward human-like concept organizationcited by 1
- 2025Enhancing PyKEEN with Multiple Negative Sampling Solutions for Knowledge Graph Embedding Modelscited by 1
- 2025Multi-Faceted Large Embedding Tables for Pinterest Ads Rankingcited by 1
- 2021Scalable Graph Embedding LearningOn A Single GPUcited by 0
- 2021Boosting Graph Embedding on a Single GPUcited by 0
- 2022DeHIN: A Decentralized Framework for Embedding Large-scale Heterogeneous Information Networkscited by 0
- 2022Scaling Knowledge Graph Embedding Modelscited by 0
- 2022IGNiteR: News Recommendation in Microblogging Applications (Extended Version)cited by 0
- 2022KGTN-ens: Few-Shot Image Classification with Knowledge Graph Ensemblescited by 0
- 2024Bypassing Skip-Gram Negative Sampling: Dimension Regularization as a More Efficient Alternative for Graph Embeddingscited by 0
- 2025WindVE: Collaborative CPU-NPU Vector Embeddingcited by 0
- 2026NOMAD: Generating Embeddings for Massive Distributed Graphscited by 0
- 2026Information-geometric adaptive sampling for graph diffusioncited by 0
- 2026Scalable GNN-based Knowledge Graph Representation Learning with Efficient Message Passingcited by 0
- 2026Scalable GNN-based Knowledge Graph Representation Learning with Efficient Message Passing28 Sep 2026
- 2026Information-geometric adaptive sampling for graph diffusion30 Apr 2026
- 2026NOMAD: Generating Embeddings for Massive Distributed Graphs10 Apr 2026
- 2025Multi-Faceted Large Embedding Tables for Pinterest Ads Ranking7 Aug 2025
- 2025Enhancing PyKEEN with Multiple Negative Sampling Solutions for Knowledge Graph Embedding Models7 Aug 2025
- 2025Aligning Knowledge Graphs and Language Models for Factual Accuracy17 Jul 2025
- 2025WindVE: Collaborative CPU-NPU Vector Embedding21 Apr 2025
- 2024AutoML-guided Fusion of Entity and LLM-based Representations for Document Classification19 Aug 2024
- 2024Bypassing Skip-Gram Negative Sampling: Dimension Regularization as a More Efficient Alternative for Graph Embeddings30 Apr 2024
- 2024HeteroMILE: a Multi-Level Graph Representation Learning Framework for Heterogeneous Graphs31 Mar 2024
- 2024HDReason: Algorithm-Hardware Codesign for Hyperdimensional Knowledge Graph Reasoning9 Mar 2024
- 2023GraphextQA: A Benchmark for Evaluating Graph-Enhanced Large Language Models12 Oct 2023
28 more
- 2023Large language models converge toward human-like concept organization29 Aug 2023
- 2023HUGE: Huge Unsupervised Graph Embeddings with TPUs26 Jul 2023
- 2023Friendly Neighbors: Contextualized Sequence-to-Sequence Link Prediction22 May 2023
- 2023NeuralKG-ind: A Python Library for Inductive Knowledge Graph Representation Learning28 Apr 2023
- 2023Distributed Graph Embedding with Information-Oriented Random Walks28 Mar 2023
- 2023TwERC: High Performance Ensembled Candidate Generation for Ads Recommendation at Twitter27 Feb 2023
- 2022A Retrieve-and-Read Framework for Knowledge Graph Link Prediction19 Dec 2022
- 2022FairMILE: Towards an Efficient Framework for Fair Graph Representation Learning17 Nov 2022
- 2022KGTN-ens: Few-Shot Image Classification with Knowledge Graph Ensembles6 Nov 2022
- 2022Bi-Link: Bridging Inductive Link Predictions from Text via Contrastive Learning of Transformers and Prompts26 Oct 2022
- 2022IGNiteR: News Recommendation in Microblogging Applications (Extended Version)4 Oct 2022
- 2022A*Net: A Scalable Path-based Reasoning Approach for Knowledge Graphs7 Jun 2022
- 2022Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks: Aspects, Methods and Trends16 May 2022
- 2022Sequence-to-Sequence Knowledge Graph Completion and Question Answering19 Mar 2022
- 2022Scaling Knowledge Graph Embedding Models8 Jan 2022
- 2022DeHIN: A Decentralized Framework for Embedding Large-scale Heterogeneous Information Networks8 Jan 2022
- 2021Graph4Rec: A Universal Toolkit with Graph Neural Networks for Recommender Systems2 Dec 2021
- 2021SMORE: Knowledge Graph Completion and Multi-hop Reasoning in Massive Knowledge Graphs28 Oct 2021
- 2021Knowledge Graph informed Fake News Classification via Heterogeneous Representation Ensembles20 Oct 2021
- 2021Boosting Graph Embedding on a Single GPU19 Oct 2021
- 2021Network Representation Learning: From Preprocessing, Feature Extraction to Node Embedding14 Oct 2021
- 2021Scalable Graph Embedding LearningOn A Single GPU13 Oct 2021
- 2021Towards Automatic Bias Detection in Knowledge Graphs19 Sep 2021
- 2021Neural Bellman-Ford Networks: A General Graph Neural Network Framework for Link Prediction13 Jun 2021
- 2021CitationIE: Leveraging the Citation Graph for Scientific Information Extraction3 Jun 2021
- 2021Graph-Based Deep Learning for Medical Diagnosis and Analysis: Past, Present and Future27 May 2021
- 2021Cleora: A Simple, Strong and Scalable Graph Embedding Scheme3 Feb 2021
- 2021Marius: Learning Massive Graph Embeddings on a Single Machine20 Jan 2021
- 2026Information-geometric adaptive sampling for graph diffusion30 Apr 2026
- 2025WindVE: Collaborative CPU-NPU Vector Embeddingcited by 0
- 2025WindVE: Collaborative CPU-NPU Vector Embedding21 Apr 2025
- 2021Neural Bellman-Ford Networks: A General Graph Neural Network Framework for Link Predictioncited by 273
- 2022Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks: Aspects, Methods and Trendscited by 88
- 2022Sequence-to-Sequence Knowledge Graph Completion and Question Answeringcited by 75
- 2021Graph-Based Deep Learning for Medical Diagnosis and Analysis: Past, Present and Futurecited by 67
- 2022A*Net: A Scalable Path-based Reasoning Approach for Knowledge Graphscited by 49
- 2021Marius: Learning Massive Graph Embeddings on a Single Machinecited by 29
- 2021CitationIE: Leveraging the Citation Graph for Scientific Information Extractioncited by 19
- 2021Network Representation Learning: From Preprocessing, Feature Extraction to Node Embeddingcited by 19
- 2021SMORE: Knowledge Graph Completion and Multi-hop Reasoning in Massive Knowledge Graphscited by 17
- 2021Knowledge Graph informed Fake News Classification via Heterogeneous Representation Ensemblescited by 14
- 2023Friendly Neighbors: Contextualized Sequence-to-Sequence Link Predictioncited by 9
- 2021Cleora: A Simple, Strong and Scalable Graph Embedding Schemecited by 8
12 most cited of 38 All 38 (JSON)
- 2026Scalable GNN-based Knowledge Graph Representation Learning with Efficient Message Passing28 Sep 2026
- 2026NOMAD: Generating Embeddings for Massive Distributed Graphs10 Apr 2026
- 2025Multi-Faceted Large Embedding Tables for Pinterest Ads Ranking7 Aug 2025
- 2025Enhancing PyKEEN with Multiple Negative Sampling Solutions for Knowledge Graph Embedding Models7 Aug 2025
- 2025Aligning Knowledge Graphs and Language Models for Factual Accuracy17 Jul 2025
- 2024AutoML-guided Fusion of Entity and LLM-based Representations for Document Classification19 Aug 2024
- 2024Bypassing Skip-Gram Negative Sampling: Dimension Regularization as a More Efficient Alternative for Graph Embeddings30 Apr 2024
- 2024HeteroMILE: a Multi-Level Graph Representation Learning Framework for Heterogeneous Graphs31 Mar 2024
- 2024HDReason: Algorithm-Hardware Codesign for Hyperdimensional Knowledge Graph Reasoning9 Mar 2024
- 2023GraphextQA: A Benchmark for Evaluating Graph-Enhanced Large Language Models12 Oct 2023
- 2023Large language models converge toward human-like concept organization29 Aug 2023
- 2023HUGE: Huge Unsupervised Graph Embeddings with TPUs26 Jul 2023
12 newest of 38 All 38 (JSON)